Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
Define the term pharmacology
A
study of drugs
2
Q
define the term drug
A
Any substance that can produce biological changes in the body, whether those changes are therapeutic or damaging.
if therapeutic it can be terms medication.
they can be very addicitive and cause abuse potential.
3
Q
Who can prescribe a prescription (Rx) drug?
A
licensed physician dentist- limited to which kinds optometrist- eye medication physician assistants- limited nurse practitioners- limited psychiatrist- limited
4
Q
What are OTC drugs?
A
over the counter or medications that do note require a Px.
- self-precribed
5
Q
Who determined if a drug must be prescribed by a doctor or can be purchased as an OTC drug?
A
FDA
6
Q
what are supplements?
A
products that are not sold as therapeutic drugs
-FDA does not regulate diatary supplements and medicinal herbs
7
Q
Define the US drug schedule chart- used to categorize dependency
A
schedule 1- highest potential for abuse - eg LSD/heroin
schedule 2- high potential for abuse- morphine,
schedule 3- moderate potential for abuse- codeine, T3
schedule 4- lower potential for abuse- Valium, Xanax
Schedule 5- lowest potential for abuse- OTC cough medicine with codeine
8
Q
Drugs have 3 categories of names. What are they using an example.
A
chemical, generic and trade name: ie:
chemical name: N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol
generic: acetaminiphone-
trade name: Tylenol
9
Q
What are the two terms given to describe the two processes in which how a drug is utalized in the body?
A
- pharmacokinetics- how drug moves in the body (metabolized, transported, excreted)
- pharmacodynamics- how drug changes the body.
10
Q
how are administration routes, dosages nd dosing schedules determined?
A
by how the drug moves thorugh the body and the target location effectiveness.
11
Q
what can affect a drug response in the body?
A
tolerance, placebo effect, and other body variables as well as dosage and potency.
12
Q
drug metabolism varies in individuals. Define some variant facotrs
A
age, gender, DMI, and genetic makeup.
13
Q
what factors must you consider when determine an administration method of a drug?
A
speed and degree of absorption- to determine time and onset + intensity
14
Q
Define the term side effect
A
a nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses.
15
Q
what is drug toxicity?
A
excessive dosing that causes adverse effects
16
Q
define the following terms:
- allergic reaction
- idiosyncratic effects
- iatrogenic
- physical dependence
- carcinogenic effect
- teratogenic effect
A
- immune responses
- uncommon responses to a drug secondary to a genetic predisposition.
- medication error
- occurs when body adapts to repeated use of a substance and thus becomes addicted to the drug
- cancer-causing
- drug-induced birth defects.
17
Q
When drugs react with eachother there are 3 outcomes. What are they?
A
- effect is intensified-
- reduced effect- this is why it is important for some drugs to be taken with food, and others on empty stomach
- new effect- ie. MAO inhibitors and food rich in tyramine can raise BP to critical
18
Q
The heart is assisted by pressure gradients in the vascular system, which are dependant on what factors?
A
diameter and length of blood vessels
and resistance to blood flow.
it is regulated by a feedback system that involves the (autonomic neuvous system) ANS and teh RAS (renin-angitensin system) and kidneys
19
Q
What does the ANS, RAS and kidneys do on the circulatory system?
A
ANS - controls heart
RNS- controls constriction of arterioles and veins. \
kidney: regulate blood volume
20
Q
What does angiotensin 2- do on the body
A
its the chemical that causes the muscles surrounding the blood vessels to contract, which increases BP.
if this were to be blocked, it would help regulate BP and also blood volume
21
Q
Define Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
A
called ACE inhibitor.
inhibits the RAS from producing angiotensin 2. > controls BP
AE: chronic cough,
eg: lisinopril and enalapril
22
Q
Define Angitensin receptor blockers
A
called ARBs
-block angiotensin 2 from binding to the angiotensin receptors
AE: none, its used if ACE inhibitors has AE
EG: losatan nd candesartan
23
Q
What do beta blockers do?
A
decrease heart rate and contractile force, which decreses the cardiac O2 demand. this reduced BP and promotes dilation of blood vessels.
24
Q
When are Beta blockers usually pxed?
A
in angina pectoris, heart failure HTN helpful in some dysrhythmias, migraines, glaucoma, benign tremor, nd anxiety
it acts as a cardioprotective agent following MI or intervention for CAD.
EG: antenolol, metoprolol.
25
What do Ca+ channel blockers do?
clock calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels. This reduces cardiac muscle contraction, which results in lower cardiac output. > vasodilation.
tx: HTN, some anginas, and some arrhythmias
EG: diltiazem and verapamil
26
Define Anti-arrhythmic Agents (3) kinds
1. potassium channel blockers- prolong the recovery of the heart between beats/repolrization. Tx: A fib. EGg: amiodarone, sotalol
2. sodium channel blockers- slows electrical impulse. does not interfere with pacemaker therapy. eg: flecainide.
3. Cardiac glycosides - used to tx refractory A fib and arterial flutter, after beta blockers and Ca+ have failed. EG: digoxin.
27
define the term vasodilator
class of drugs that relaxes smooth muscles within the vessel walls. Act on arteries and/or viens depending on pharmodynamics.
28
define organic nitrates in terms of vasodilator rx.
affects both types of blood vessels, but at normal therapeutic doses the venous dilation predominates and reduces reload venous resistance
tx: angina pectoris but can comabine with other agents to tx congestive heart failure.
EG: nitroglycering and isosorbide.
29
define diuretics
encourages kidneys to decrease blood volume by increasing urinary output which in turn lowers BP.
tx: heart failure,
AE: loss of potassium,
EX: furosemide and HCTZ
30
define potassium-sparing DIU
specificallty aldosterone antagonists but also DIU. it inhibits the affects of potassium excretion caused by aldosterone.
tx: HTN or heart failue, and ascites in those with liver failure and hyperaldosteronism d.t adrenal tumors.
eg: spironolactone and triamterene
31
What does aldosterone do to the body?
its a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, which increases the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys and thus increases blood volume. it can also increase the excretion of potassium.
32
what do anticoagulants do?
block substances that promote clotting. They are used to tx pathologic clot formation (eg: heparin) and prevent recurrences once an individual is stablilzed after and embolic (eg warfarin)
33
define the rx: enoxaparin and dibigatran
1. prevents clotting post-opertively in hig-risk individuals who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery
2. direct thrombin inhibitor used to prevent stroke in those with A. Fib.
34
How does anti-platelet drugs work?
inhibit platelet formation at the site of vascular damage. these prevent the developmentn of platelet thrombi and are most commonly used to prevent stoke and MI.
EX: clopidogral bisulfate
35
How doe thrombolytics work?
class drugs are used to break down clots once the have formed.
used in emergency situation such as acute MI, stroke and pulmonary embolism or acute arterial thrombosis.
EG: tPAs, such as alteplase.
36
How do statins work?>
inhibit choelsterol production in the liver. Side effects include ^ LFT, and myalgias,
EG: atrovastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin
37
how do nicotinic acid work? (vit B3)
most potent therapy available to increase HDL cholesterol levels and may have additional vascular benefits
EG: niacin
38
how do bile-acid binding resins work?
bind to bile, in the intestine and eliminte it from the body through feces.
ex: colestipol and cholestyramine
39
How do ezetimibe works?
inhibits abosorption of cholesterol in the intestine
40
how do fibrates work?
used to decrease Trig levels and have been shown to assits in increasing HDL levels
eg: gemfibrozil and fenofibrate.
41
what are antacids?
alkaline compounds that neutralize stomach acid and are often the first line of defense in controlling increased acid.
this helps in reducing GERD, gastritis, and other causes of dyspepsia.
common eg: Alka-Seltzer and Mylanta
42
How do PPIs work>?
antisecretory agents that enhance the mucosal lining of the digestive tract by clocking the enzyme in the stomach wall that produces acid.
eg: omeprazole and pantoprazole.
43
How do histamine2-receptor antagonists work? (H2 antagonist)
reduce amount of acid in stomach like PPI
txs ulcers, gastritis and reflux in OTC.
eg: famotidine and ranitidine
44
What do laxatives do?
Rx used to increase movement of fecal matter through colon.
psyllium husk and methycellulose are bulking agents used to rain more water in the stool
stool softenier, (Eg docusate) allow wter and fat to be incorportated into the stool to move easily
lubricants and hydrating agents help to move stool through colon.
stimulants like bisacodyl alter water and electrolyte secretion and stimulate peristalic action.
45
How do antidiarrheal agents work?
employed to decrease amount of liquid in colon and slow production of feces.
opioids activate intestinal opioid receptors casing constipation
exg: loperamide.
46
What can be used in the tx of IBD depending on the severity of the disease?
sulfasalazine and one of its metabolites 5-ASA or mesalamine. These are DMARDS
and are thought to have anti-inflammatory effects that provides topical relief.
glucocorticoids can help reduce inflammation by surpressing the immune system
47
What does Bismuth do?
used to help fight H. Pylori.
| also used as both an antiacid and antidiarrheal agent
48
HOW DO CYTOPROTECTIVE drugs work?
by coating the gastric mucosa at site of ulceration by forming an adherent complex with proteins.
eg: sucralfate and misoprostol
49
how do prokinetic drugs work?
suppress vomiting and increase gastrointestinal motility.
helpful with GERD, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
eg: metoclopramid and prochlorperazine
50
How do anticholinergics work>
selectively block the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors. This prevents involentary muscle contraction.
tx: gastritis, GI spasms, diverticulitis and ulcerative colitits
Eg: most commonly used anticholinergic for GI issues is hyoscyamine
51
how do antineoplastics and other anti-viral drugs used on the GI sxs?
used for tx of chronic, viral hepatitis, via a sustained virological response.
- Hep B tx'ed with interferon alfa-2b, and now lamivudine
- Hep C- tx'ed with interferon and ribavirin. in addition to protease inhibitors,
52
How does ursodeoxycholic acid ( a secondary bile acid) affect the body when used as a pharmaceutical agents?
reduces cholesterol absorption and helps dissolve gallstones.
- bot commonly used, instead people are tx'ed with cholecystotos.
53
how do drugs work on the tx of endocrine disorders?
most endo disoders are caused by insufficient or over production of hormones. Tx is supplementing hormones or supressing them.
54
There are 3 classes of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex system. What are they?
1. / Glucocorticoids- influence carbohydrate metabolism. eg: prednisone
2. mineralcorticoids- influence salt and water balance- eg fludrocortisone
3. androgens- development of sex characteristics
55
what does cortisol do?
- most important glycocorticoid naturally produced by adrenal cortex,
56
what is aldosterone
most important mineralcorticoid naturally produced by adrenal cortex
57
What is androstenedione
naturally produced androgen of teh adrenal cortex and is often synthetically produced and abused by athletes
58
What is Cushing Syndrome
overproduction of adrenal hormone-
| can be caused by excessive corticosteroid production, the steroid synthesis inhibitor aminoglutethimide is often px'ed.
59
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
hormones for heart funtion, growth, and developme
hypothyroidism- underacitve- tx'ed with levothyroxine
hyperthyroisim- overproductive- tx'ed with surgical repairs or methimazole.
60
When are sex hormones used?
to tx deficiency.
61
what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) angonist do?
overstimulates pituitary gland to relesae FSH and LF.
treats disorders that feed on excess hormones such as endometriosis and adanced prostate cancer.
EG: leuprolide and nafarelin
62
what drugs stimulates ovulation and promote follicular maturation and ovulation?
Clomiphene and menotropins
63
What treates gonadotropin difficiency and helps tx amenorrhea?
gonadorelin
64
What medication is a dopamine angonist that works to correct amenorrgea and excess prolactin secretion?
bromocriptine.
65
What do phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors do?
work in conjunction with sexual arousal to increase vasodilatory effects of nitrous oxide in the penis, resulting in firmer erection?
eg: sildenafil and tadalafil
66
What do 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors do?
block the enzymes that promote prostate growth
| eg: finasteride.
67
How do alpha-blockers affect the prostate?
relax certain muscles to help small vessels remain open which improveds urine flow.
- also can be used to tx HTN and Raynauds.
eg: alfuzosin and tamulosin
68
Name the 3 types of insulin used in type 1 diabetes
1. short-acting (lispro insulin)
2. intermediate-actine (NPH insulin)
3. long actin (ultralente insulin)
69
What do hypoglycemics do?
used in NIDDM tx
lowers blood glucose levels
eg: sulfonylureas (metformin(
70
What are abx?
```
class of tx used to tx infections d/t bceria.
- overuse can cause resistance.
```
71
what are antiviral drugs?
used to block replication of a vurys and include protease inhibitors.
eg: HIV-aids drugs,
72
what are anti-fungal medications?
tx infections d/t fungus
| prototype eg: amphotericin B and fluconazole
73
What are protozans?
single-celled animals that cause widespread diseases throughout the orld, the most serious being malaria.
prototype anti-malaria drugs is chloroquine hydrocholride.
74
What are anthelmintics?
drugs that destroyed helminthes, which are parasitic works that are different in sturcture from protozoans.
eg: mebendazole used
75
how do glucocorticoids work?
used to suppress various allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and can help prvent acute transplant rejection.
eg: prednisone
76
How do Calcineurin inhibitors work?
stop T-cells from trying to actively gight transplanted tissue.
used in combination with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and psoriasis
eg: cyclosporine
77
How do DMARDS work?
slow down the progression of rheumatic diease.
its any drug that reduces the rate of damage to bone and cartilage. Some are mild chemotherapeutic agents,.
- used to tx manny connective tissue diseases
eg: methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine
78
What are tumor necrosis factor inhibitors? (TNF)
a subgroup of DMARDS
- injected
- neutralizes the immune system signals that lead to joint damage
- thought to have fewer AE than other DMARDS
eg: etanercept and inflizimadb
79
what are the typical drugs used for everyday muscle and joint aches and pains?
NSAIDS. they control pain, inflammation and fever by inhibiting prostagladin.
First generation:
OTC eg: ibuprofen and naproxen sodium
Px eg: naprozen and diclodenac-
- chronic use causes peptic ulcer diease
second generation- control the same sxs without disrupting the activity of prostagladings in the gut.
eg: celecoxib.
80
What are cotisone injections common for?
tendonitits and arthritis
81
When would someone use narcotic or opioid analgesics in MSK tx?
with severe pain,
they act by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain, altering in pt perception to pain
- addictive.
eg: hydrocodone and morphine.
new method: inject joints with synthetic liquid that mimics synovial fluid to reduce knee pain caused by osteoarthritis.
82
How is gout treated?
blocking uric acid production and reducing inflammation.
| ex: allopurinol,- which can also be used for kidney stones and colchicine.
83
how do muscle relaxants work?
through CNS
relaxes muscles,
muscle injury is often tx with physical tx.
eg: cyclobenzaprine and metaxalone.
84
How do antispasmodics work?
blocking the receptors responsible for contraction of smooth muscle.
EG: baclofen and dantrolene
85
define the term spasticity
movement patterns that are disrupted as groups of muscles are unable to work smoothly together.
eg: MS, cerebral palsy and spinal cord injurt
- tx'ed with muscle relaxants, and antispasmodics.
86
How do benzodiazepines work on the MSK system?
used as muscle relaxant and antispasmodic,
87
What are bisphosphonates?
class of drugs that inhibit the digestion of bone, and slowing bone loss.
tx: osteopenia and osteoporosis
eg: risedronate and alendronate
in severe cases injection of zoledronic acid is given, as in pagets disease
88
how is HRT (hormone replacement therapy) used as a bone density tx?
prevent monopausal sxs including bone loss, and incrteases bone density
eg: estradiol
89
what is raloxifene?
specific type of endocrine-metabolic agen that reduces loss of bone tissue
tx: osteopenia, osteoporosis and reduce risk of breat cancer in postmenopausal females.
90
What are Antuepileptics (AEDs) used?
tx epileptsy and control seizure activity by supressing the rapid and excessive firing of neurons that trigger a seizure.
Can also prevent spread of seizure within brain and protect agasint excitotoxic effects
eg: carbamazepine, topiramate and phenytonin
91
What are Valproates?
subclass of AEDs that are derived from the naturally-occuring valproic acid.
- block certain chemical in the brain, and acts as mood stabalizer
tx: bipolar, anticonvulsant, migraines, neuropathic pain
eg: sodium valproate
92
What were GABA analogues originally desgined for?
tx of epilepsy but now used to tx neuropathic pain ie fibromyalgia, post-surgical pain and neuritis.
eg: gabapentin and pregabalin.
93
How do barbiturates work?
depress the CNS by inhibiting the transmission of informaiton between neurons. this reduces anxiety, respiration, BP, and HR, and REM sleep.
94
why are benzodiazepines more used in pharmacology ?
- sedative, hypotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relazing and amnesic action
- safe and effective for short-term use
- addictive potential
eg: alprazolam and clonazepan
95
How are hypnotics used for CNS disorder treatments?
induce sleep, and designed specifically for the purpose of insomnia and in surgical anethesia
eg: zolpidem, eszopiclone
96
what do antidepressants do?
alleviate sxs of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.
97
How does Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work?
- most commonly px
- blocks the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
- eg: paroxetine and escitalopram oxalate for depression and citalopram which is used for anxiety
98
How do serotonin-noreepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) work?
blocks both serotonin and noreepinephrine from being reabsorbed
eg: venlafaxine and duloxetine.
99
How do bupropion work?
antidepressant in its own class
works like a nore-epinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
- considered as non-tricyclic antidepressant.
- good for smoking ceseassion
100
How do Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOI) work?
- block reuptake of seotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine.
- affect neurotransmitters in the brain and digestive systems (^ AE)
- rarely used
- isocarboxazide and phenelzine
101
What agent is used as an Anti-manic ?
- lithium,
- tx agasint mania and depression, and anti-suicidal effect. - ie bipolar and major depression, personality disorder and schizophrenia
102
What do antipsychotics treat?
tx psychosis
classified as either first generation (typical antipsychotic) or second generation (atypical antipsychotic).
- sig and harmful side effects and result in withdrawl
EG: typical: haloperidol,
atypical: risperidone and olanzapine.
- 3rd generation eg: aripiprazole
103
What medication is often used for headaches
OTC first, then maybe NSAIDS and opioid analgesics.
104
Define how Triptans tx heacahes
abortive therapy for migraines, meaning they dont prevent them but can tx when they occur by narrowing blood vessels in the head that become dilated during a migraine.
eg: symatriptan and rizatriptan
105
How do Ergot alkaloids tx headaches?
stimulate serotonin, decreases inflammation and reverses blood vessel dilation.
eg: erotamine and dihidroergotamine
106
How do beta blockers and Ca+ channel blockers tx headaches?
prevents migrains/cluter headaches
| s
107
How is parkinson's disease treated?
dopamine agonist, which supplementsa reduced dopamine in the brain by producing more and decreasing the level of acetylcholine
eg: Levodopa, carbidopa, amantadine, and bromocriptine.
108
What do opioid antagonists do?
used to tx acute overdose of opioids, as they counteract the actions of the excessive substance.
eg: naloxone
109
why is methadone used as a detoxifying agent/
its a little less addictive and is often used as a substitute for heroin and other morphine-like drugs.
- used also for chronic pain
110
How is ETOH substance abuse tx?
1. disulfiram which interferes with the metabolism of ETOH resulting in unpleasant physical effects when ingested.
2. Acamprosate - restors chemical balance in brain that is disrupted in ETOH abuse pt.
3. Naltexone- works as above but for ETOH and druge dependence.
111
How is Dementia treated?
1. cholinesterase inhibitors increase the amount of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help reduce the sxs of different dementia,ie ALZ
eg: Donepezil and rivastigmine
2. Memantine- blocks NMDA receptors in glutamatergic system.
* Rx's usually have mixed rs on pt.
112
what do oral antihistamines do?
tx inflammation by blocking the production of histamine, which results from the introduction of an allergen into the body.
eg: first generation causes drowziness : diphenhydramine
second generation causes no sedation: cetirizine and dexodenadine
113
What does histamine do to the body?
- hormone produced during an allergic reaction. It causes sweelling and vasodilation in attempt to eliminate the offending protein, which rs in sneezing, runny nose, and nasal itching.
114
How does leukotriene inhibitors work?
block chemicals in the body that are released in response to an inhaled allergen.
eg: montelukast
115
What do leukotrienes do to the body?
cause swelling, in lungs and tightening of the muscles around the airways. Asthma sxs.
116
How do sympathomimetics (decongestants) work?
they mimic the effects of the transmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system. this decreases nasal congestion, tx sinusitis and the common cold.
ef: mometasone furoate, and pseudoephedrine
117
How do antitussives work?
supress coughing, by reducing the activity of the cough center in the brain
EG: codeine, benzonatate,
when the cough is productive and expectorant or mucokinetic agent will be used to remove mucous.
eg: guaidenesin
118
What do bronchodilators do?
agents that will dilate the bronchial tree, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway, and increasing airflow to lungs.
119
How do short-acting beta 2 antagonist work?
relax the muscle lining in the bronchi and bronchioles within 5 mins, and intended to prevent or abort acut exacerbations.
- called rescue inhalors and are not good for frequent use.
eg: albuterol and pirbuterol
120
How do long-lasting beta 2 antagonist work?
- same way as above but are intended for daily use
- tx asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD.
eg: formoterol.
121
How do anticholinergics work?
they relax and enlarge the airways and can also protect them from spasms. They can also reduce the amount of mucus produced by the airways.
stronger thant the bronchodilators and are more commonly seen in severe cases
EG: short acting: ipratropium, and tiotropium which is long acting
122
How do glucocortacoids tx respiratory disorders?
they reduce inflammatory respiratory diseases. Oral steroids are given to supress severe or drug-resistant acute respiratory illness or exacerbation of chronic illness.
123
What type of cancers are treated with medications?
disseminated cancers such as leukemia, some lyphomas and metastasized cancers.
124
How do cytotoxic agents work?
kill the cells directly
| ef: alkyltaing agents (nitrogen mustards and cuclosphosphamide) or alkylating-like platium analogues (cisplatin)
125
How do hormones and hormone antagonist work to tx cancer?
act through specific receptor on target tissues
Antiestrogens LIKE TAMOXIFEN block estrogen receptors in the breast in effort to reduce growth of residual cancer cells.
other eg: androgens, antiandrogens, estrogens, gluucocosteroids, aromatase inhibitors and progestin
126
How do biologic response modifiers work to tx cancer?
modify the tissues infiltrated by the cancer cells which increases the immunity of the tissue to fight the cancer cells
ie. interferon alpha-2a
127
what is ephedrine?
active ingrediant in Ma Huang and is a stimulant used to reduce apetite, increase energy, stay awake, relieve bronchospasm and decrease sxs produced by allergies, flu, cold.
- use of this supplement is illegal
128
what is Ginkgo biloba?
used to improve memory, increased, concentration, and reduce dizziness,
tx: senility, dementia, ALX,
-
129
What does Ginseng do?
relieve stress, enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue
130
what does saw palmetto do?
reduce the urinary sxs of BPH
131
What does St. John's wort do?
relieve sxs of depression, anxiety and reduce inflammaiton
132
What does Glucosamine and Chondrotin do?
natural substances found in cells of joints and supplementation is used to reduce the sxs and delay the progression of joint degeneration
133
What does Fish oil do:?
used to regulate cholesterol, and reducing risk of CAD
134
What does Black Cohosh do?
alleviate sxs of menopause.
135
What does evening primrose oil do?
tx sxs of menopause by also eczema and to reduce inflammation in conditions such as R.A.
136
What does Milk Thistle do?
remedy for liver and gallbladder ailments. Used also with cancer to slow tumour growth by limiting cell division and reducing blood supply to tumor.
137
Name some disorders that can be treated with medical marijuana?
1. acute and chronic pain- effects of opioids
2. epilepsy- TCH limits spread of epileptogenic activity and ^ effect of other anticonculsant drugs
3. GI disorders- apetite stimulant.
4. spasticity -
5. psychiatric conditions- as a sedative, hynotic, aniolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic and anticonvulsant effects.
6. cancer- TCH slows tumor growth
7. others: inflammation, glaucoma, pruritus, allergies, neurogenerative disrease, osteoporosis, fertility, CAD, neulogical damage.
