Chapter 15 Flashcards
occurs suddenly and often without warning
acute illness
examples of acute illness
- stroke
- MI
- hip fracture
- infection
- managed rather than cured
- always present but not always visible
- life long and coping can be influenced by perceived uncertainty
chronic illness
chronic illness trajectory
- preventive phase (pre trajectory)
- definitive phase (trajectory onset)
- crisis phase
- acute phase
- stable phase
- unstable phase
- downward phase
- dying phase
designed to stabilize physiological processes and promote recovery from acute phase
acute phase of illness management
most common chronic condition in persons over 65
arthritis
common chronic cardiovascular diseases
- htn
- coronary heart disease
- heart failure
- peripheral vascular disease
leading cause of death and 2nd cause of disability in the US
cardiovascular disease
most common chronic vascular disease of elderly
htn
2nd most common chronic condition in persons over 65
htn
diastolic hypertensive blood presure
90 and above
systolic hypertensive blood pressure
above 140
for persons older than 50, is sbp or dbp more important as a cvd risk factor?
sbp
prehypertensive sbp
120-139
initial drug treatment for htn
thiazide diuretics
concern for pts on antihypertensive meds, especially if the pt falls
orthostatic hypotension
ways to minimize risk for heart disease
- maintain bp of 40
- triglycerides <150
- s/s
- develop slowly
- usually asymptomatic until an acute cardiovascular event or end organ damage has been done
htn
what to do about htn
- screenings
- education
- prevention
group of conditions that either completely or partially obstruct blood flow to the heart muscle
coronary heart disease
racial disparity with coronary heart disease
african american
s/s of coronary heart disease
chest pain
do older adults always have chest pain with coronary heart disease and ischemic attacks
no
direct response to ischemic damage
chest pain
chest pain with older adults…
- mild
- localized to back, abd, shoulders, one or both arms
- n&v, heartburn may be the only symptoms
- may mimic heartburn
complications of coronary heart disease
- angina
- cardiac remodeling
increase in intensity, frequency or duration with less and less provacation
unstable angina
- heart enlarges and changes shape
- decrease in pumping ability
- leads to heart failure within months to years
cardiac remodeling
how to diagnose coronary heart disease
- ekg
- cardiac cath
- stress test
non-pharm management of coronary heart disease
lifestyle changes and reducing risk factors
pharm management of coronary heart disease
- cholesterol modifying drugs
- asa
- beta blockers
- ace inhibitors
- calcium channel blockers
angioplasty with or without stent placement
cardiac cath
what to beware of coronary heart disease
anxiety and depression
waht can cause anxiety and depression with coronary heart disease
- changes in functional ability
- self image
- fear of another event
inability of the heart to keep up with the workload
heart failure
compensation for heart failure
- enlargement of the ventricles
- develop more muscle mass
compensation for heart failure: enlargement of ventricles
- stretches more and contracts more strongly
- only can do this for a short amount of time
heart failure compensation: develop more muscle mass
- initially pumps harder
- eventually decreases size of ventricles
heart failure compensation: blood vessels
- narrow to keep bp up
- diversion of blood away from non-essential body parts
heart failure progression
- increased peripheral resistances
- failing heart
- neurohormonal activations
- peripheral alterations
left sided heart failure
- hypertension
- aortic stenosis
- valvulopathy
- myopathy
right sided heart failure
- ischemia
- infarction
- myopathy
s/s of heart failure
- shortness of breath
- coughing or wheezing
- edema
- tiredness/fatigue
- lack of appetite
- confusion/impaired thinking
- tachycardia
blood backing up in the pulmonary veins leads to
SOB
fluid build up in lungs leads to
coughing or wheezing
fluid build up in the body leads to
edema
not pumping enough blood to meet the body’s need leads to
tiredness/fatigue
decrease in blood flow to the digestive system leads to
lack of appetite
changing levels of electrolytes leads to
confusion/impaired thinking
make up for the loss of pumping ability leads to
tachycardia
heart failure treatment
- early diagnosis
- treat underlying cause
- stop it from getting worse
- lifestyle changes
lifestyle changes for heart failure
- low sodium diet
- low fat diet
- high potassium intake
- weight loss
- physical activity
- quit smoking
unmodified risk factors for CV events
- age
- gender
- heredity
- ethnicity
modifiable risk factors for CV events
- smoking
- stress
- obesity/diet
- physical inactivity
treatable risk factors for CV events
- diabetes mellitus
- htn
- hyperlipidemia
- build endurance, self reliance, and facilitate self care and quality of life
- begin with light activity and increase in intensity
- must be done with the supervision of a nurse of physical therapist
cardiac rehab
granulomatous inflammation of aorta and its brances and cranial arteries
- affects people over 50
- more common in women
giant cell (temporal) arteritis
s/s of giant cell (temporal) arteritis
-bruits
-fever
headache
-tenderness of scalp
-jaw pain
-tongue pain
-blurred vision/vision loss
-tinnitus
-elevated esr and crp
how to diagnosis giant cell (temporal) arteritis
- biopsy
- US
- MRI
- CT
treatment of giant cell (temporal) arteritis
corticosteroids
pain and stiffness in shoulder and pelvic girdle; muscles of neck, shoulders, lower back and thighs
polymyalgia rheumatica
when is pain greatest with polymyalgia rheumatica?
at night and early morning
ischemic events
- arterial disease
- cardioempolism
build up of plaque in the arteries
arterial disease
where is arterial disease usually seen
arteries of leg
arterial disease can cause lack of blood flow to the:
- head
- arms
- kidneys
- stomach
arterial disease increases risk for:
- cad
- mi
- cva
- tia
late s/s of hypothyroidism
- goiter
- slow speech and hoarse breaking voice
where is arterial disease usually seen
arteries of the leg
treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica
steroids
what meds are not effective on polymyalgia rheumatica
NSAIDs
pharmacological treatment for arterial disease
- cholesterol lowering meds
- htn meds
- dvt prophylaxis
- symptom relief meds
non-pharmalogical treatment of arterial disease
- angioplasty
- bypass surgery
- exercise
- diet
- prevention
changes to the leg with cad
- pale
- absence of leg hair
- thin skin
- shiny skin
- weak-absent pulses
- cool to touch
where is an embolic cva commonly formed
left side of heart
pain with pad
- with exertion
- better with rest
pain with pvd
- with rest
- better with movement
changes to leg with pvd
- deep dark color
- leg hair
- thicker skin
- pulses present
- warm to touch
how to diagnose cardioembolism
- neuro exam
- ct/mri
- symptoms
how to treat cardioembolism
- underlying cause
- symptom management
- thrombolysis
- rehabilitation
- prevention
symptoms of tia or stroke
- sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- dimness or loss of vision in one eye
- slurred speech, loss of speech, difficulty comprehending speech
- dizziness, difficulty walking, loss of coordination, loss of balance, falls
- sudden severe headache
- difficulty swallowing
- sudden confusion
- N&V
main difference between cva and tia
tia symptoms begin to resolve in minutes and are totally resolved within 24 hours
risk factors for tia or stroke
- heart disease
- htn
- arrhythmia
- hypercholesterolemia
- diabetes
- smoking
- coagulopathies
- brain tumor
- family hx
progressive disease of basal ganglia and involves he dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
Parkinson’s disease
is parkinsons more common in men or women
men
onset of parkinsons
60 years