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PHARMACOLOGY > CHAPTER 15 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main body defenses?

A

BCII

BARRIER DEFENSES
CELLULAR DEFENSES
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
IMMUNE RESPONSE - to maintain homeostasis and prevent disease.

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2
Q

Acts as 1st physical barrier; secretes chemicals that repel pathogens; constantly renews to prevent colonization; hosts beneficial bacteria.

A

Skin

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3
Q

Line exposed body areas (respiratory, GIT, & GUT); traps and inactivates invaders; uses cilia in the respiratory tract to remove pathogens; protects GIT from erosion & traps pathogens in GUT.

A

Mucous Membranes

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4
Q

Secreted by the stomach; aids digestion & destroys pathogens; normal flora also helps eliminate ingested pathogens.

A

Gastric Acid

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5
Q

Identifies self-cells vs. foreign cells through proteins (HLAs); targets foreign cells for destruction.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MCH)

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6
Q

involves the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including leukocytes, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and chemical mediators to combat pathogens.

A

Cellular Defense

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7
Q

Key components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

Develop into various cell types essential for inflammatory and immune responses, such as neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages

A

Myelocytes

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9
Q
  • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes capable of moving outside the bloodstream.
  • Perform phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting foreign material).
  • Rapidly produced during injury or infection, move to the site via chemotaxis.
A

Neutrophils

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10
Q
  • Myelocytic leukocytescontaining chemicals like histamine and heparin.
  • Initiate and maintain immune and inflammatory responses.
A

Basophils

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11
Q

These are known as mast cells, found in the respiratory and GI tracts and skin.

A

Fixed Basophils

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12
Q
  • Circulating leukocytes involved in allergic reactions.
  • May remove proteins and active components from allergic response sites.
A

Eosinophils

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13
Q
  • Mature leukocytes capable of phagocytizing antigens.
  • Remove pathogens, dead cells, & necrotic tissue.
  • Can be fixed in specific tissues or circulate in the bloodstream.
  • Release chemicals for a strong inflammatory reaction.
A

Monocytes/Macrophages

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14
Q
  • Include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, & lymphoid tissue in the respiratory & GI tracts.
  • Bone marrow and thymus are crucial for creating and differentiating cellular components of MPS.
A

Lymphoid Tissues

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15
Q

body’s local reaction to injury or invasion.

A

Inflammatory Response

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16
Q

activated by cell injury

A

Hageman Fcator

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17
Q

Hageman Factors triggers what?

A

Kinin system
Clotting Cascade
Plasminogen System

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18
Q

converts kininogen to bradykinin, leading to vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and pain.

A

Kinin system

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19
Q

initiates blood clotting

A

Clotting casacade

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20
Q

initiates dissolution of blood clots

A

Plasminogen System

21
Q

It releases arachidonic acid, leading to the production of autocoids (prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase, thromboxanes) that regulate inflammation.

A

Bradykinin

22
Q

It is locally released during injury, causing vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and pain.

A

Histamine

23
Q

It is activated by arachidonic acid, attract neutrophils through chemotaxis, leading to cell injury and potentially a cycle of inflammation and cell death.

A

Leukotrienes

24
Q

when activated during the inflammatory response, release pyrogens that cause fever.

A

Neutrophils

25
Q

What are the Clinical Signs of Inflammation

A

Heat (Calor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Redness (Rubor)
Pain (Dolor)

Note:
These signs occur universally with cell injury and are also seen in conditions like pneumonia, where the lungs exhibit inflammation signs.

26
Q

targets specific invasions thru lymphocytes, which are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.

A

Immune Response

27
Q

Develop in the thymus and provide cell- mediated immunity.

A

T cells

28
Q

destroy nonself cells.

A

Effector T cells (cytotoxic)

29
Q

stimulate other lymphocytes.

A

Helper T cells (CD4)

30
Q

It regulate and slow down immune responses.

A

Suppressor T cells (CD8)

31
Q
  • Provide humoral immunity and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) when activated by specific antigens.
  • contains Five types of immunoglobulins
  • It form memory cells for quicker future responses to the same antigen
A

B cells

32
Q

Five types of immunoglobulins

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

33
Q

React in a cascade to destroy antigens and enhance the inflammatory response.

A

Complement Proteins

34
Q

prevent viral replication and suppress tumor growth.

A

Interferons

35
Q

stimulate immune responses and cause fever, myalgia, and slow-wave sleep.

A

Interleukins

36
Q

aids in T cell maturation.

A

Thymosin

37
Q

inhibits tumor growth and enhances immune responses.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

38
Q

These responses work together to protect the body, w/ helper & suppressor T cells coordinating activity & maintaining balance.

A

Immune and inflammatory responses

39
Q

Occur when mutant cells evade immune system detection and begin growing.

A

Neoplasms

40
Q

Factors contributing to neoplasm development:

A
  • Aging decreases immune efficiency.
  • Location of mutant cells can hinder immune response (e.g., breast tissue).
  • Tumors can produce blocking antibodies to avoid detection.
  • Weakly antigenic tumors elicit mild immune responses.
41
Q

It invades host cells for replication, altering the cell membrane and antigenic presentation.

A

Viruses

42
Q
  • This can either trigger a cellular immune response or go undetected by the immune system.
  • Subtle immune responses to viral invasion may lead to autoimmune diseases.
A

Viral Invasion of Cells

43
Q

Body produces antibodies or immune responses against its own cells.

A

Autoimmune Disease

44
Q

Immune response to a what cell leads to antibodies against similar cells.

A

Virus altered

45
Q

Autoantibody production may normally occur but isn’t suppressed due to?

A

Immunosuppression

46
Q

Genetic predisposition to what development.

A

autoantibody

47
Q

What cells introduced via organ transplants often trigger an immune reaction.

A

Foreign

48
Q

This typically does not elicit an immune response.

A

Self-transplantation (autotransplantation)

49
Q

Matching donor HLA markers with recipient’s as closely as possible (reduces/increases) transplant rejection risk.

A

Reduces

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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