Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the percentage of the population is of minority status in the US in 2001? What was the same state in 2010? What would the rate be in 2050?
A
> In the United States in 2001, 25 to 30 per cent of people self-reported as being of minority status;
> this statistic increased to 34 per cent in 2010 and is expected to rise to approximately 50 per cent by the year 2050
2
Q
- In Canada, visible minority persons (of non-Indigenous descent) constituted approximately what percentage of the population in 2006?
- In what year would this percentage double?
- In comparison to 2006, what was the percentage in 2001?
A
- constituted approximately 16 per cent of the population in 2006
- projected to double by 2031
- Indigenous persons (i.e., First Nations, Métis, Inuit) comprised approximately 3 per cent of the population in 2001 and almost 4 per cent in 2006;
3
Q
In Canada, what population is growing faster than every other ethnic population group?
A
> the Indigenous population is growing at a pace exceeding that of other Canadian ethnic groups
4
Q
How does one become “culturally competent”
A
> by understanding how different groups respond to physical and psychological symptoms and view medical services
5
Q
What model is useful to help describe and explain health disparities that exist among North Americans of differing cultures?
A
> a biopsychosocial model
> is useful because it accounts for cultural differences + how these differences affect health
6
Q
Originally, the term “race” was intended to describe what?
A
> was intended to capture differences in biological substrates through physical characteristics such as skin colour and hair type
7
Q
What specifically about the term “race” has been debated? As a result, what has the term become?
A
> the genetic and/or biological basis of race has been debated
> the term is con-tentious given current understanding of genetics
8
Q
Mountain and Risch (2004) found that genetics only contributes to racial group differences in what three circumstances? As a result, what was concluded?
PT-CD-B
A
> contributes to racial group differences in physical traits, complex diseases, and behaviour to a limited extent.
> They concluded that we cannot characterize genes to racial group differences of any complex trait
9
Q
Some argue that underlying concepts referenced by the term “race” have what affect on African Americans? Provide some examples of these underlying concepts:
A
> have important implications for identity among African Americans
underlying concepts: belonging, ownership, citizenship, and racism
10
Q
Race and ethnicity are often used interchangeably. However, the term “race,” as opposed to “ethnicity,” is almost always linked to what idea?
A
> “race,” is almost always linked to the idea of biological variation between groups.
11
Q
How does the APA define ethnicity? What does this definition do?
A
> “the acceptance of the group mores and practices of one’s culture of origin and the concomitant sense of belonging”
> this definition recognizes the subjectivity and self-reflective nature of the concept,
12
Q
What does the APA believe about ethnic identity?
People hold more than one ethnic identity - but what about that varies?
A
> the APA further states that individuals may hold more than one ethnic identity with varying salience at different times
13
Q
What kind of experience is culture?
A
> “Culture” is an open and dynamic daily experience (e.g., language, family structure).
14
Q
Is culture learned or transmitted? What are some ideas that may be learnt/transmitted?
A
> Culture is learned or transmitted through interaction with members already indoctrinated in the culture, yet changes over time
> these ideas may implicitly and or explicitly be learned assumptions about individualism, equality, and health and illness.
15
Q
What is a fundamental aspect of culture and how it is transmitted?
A
> language
16
Q
Airhihenbuwa and Liburd (2006) note that culture as “collective consciousness” is reinforced through what?
A
> reinforced through society
> Society may promote health-supporting (pro-tective) or health-hindering values, beliefs, and behaviours.
17
Q
Stephens (2011) notes that what of the following are culturally transmitted:
- what representation,
- what responses
- what relationships with illness
- and what role of medical knowledge
A
> representations of illness,
appropriate responses to illness,
the relationship between the mind and body,
and the role of medical knowledge may all be culturally transmitted.
18
Q
Is culture “dynamic”? How so if yes?
A
> Given that culture is primarily learned, it remains dynamic, ever-changing, and responsive to new situations depending on resources that are available vs required, and our roles and responsibilities
19
Q
all persons from all racial and ethnic origins are what kind of consumers and producers?
A
> are cultural producers and consumers
20
Q
A highly influential framework for considering how values may vary across cultures was de-veloped by who and what is it referred to as?
A
> Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede, and is referred to as Hofstede’s value dimensions of culture
21
Q
Hofstede conducted a pioneer-ing study on how values in the workplace are influenced by culture through survey data - what dimensions were included in his studies?
A
> His framework originally included four dimensions of culture, with a fifth dimension being added later
- Individualism-collectivism
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Masculinity-feminity
- Confucian dynamism
22
Q
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is individualism–collectivism?
A
> refers to the degree to which people within a society act individually rather than as part of a group, depending on how close or loose their interpersonal frameworks are.
23
Q
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is power-distance?
Hint- think about it literally.
A
> refers to societal acceptance of the equal or unequal distribution of power within institutions.
24
Q
Under Hofstede’s dimensions, what is uncertainty avoidance?
A
> involves the ability of societies to tolerate ambiguity, as indicated by the presence or absence of clear rules
25
Under Hofstede's dimensions, what is Masculinity–femininity?
> Masculinity–femininity is the extent to which a society values assertiveness and monetary acquisition (“ego-oriented” or “masculine”)
> as opposed to co-operation, position security, and a friendly atmosphere (“relationship-oriented" or “feminine”).
26
Under Hofstede's dimensions, what is Confucian dynamism?
> refers to future-oriented values (e.g., persistence) as compared with present/past orientation (e.g., traditions, social engagements).
27
What type of cultural differences were found in Hofstede's dimensions?
> inter-country differences have been found.
28
Fernandez et al. (1997) examined differences in Hofstede’s dimensions using a sample of respondents from nine countries. Overall, what was found?
> they found several differences:
> people from Western countries (e.g., the United States, Ger-many) score higher on individualism
> + those from non-Western cultures (e.g., Japan, China, Russia) were found to be more collectivist in orientation.
29
Studies of Hofstede’s theories were compiled and meta-analyzed (i.e., statistically combined) by Taras and Kirkman (2010). What was found in this meta analysis for workers?
> they found that the cultural dimensions predict most strongly participants’ emotional responses rather than their at-titudes or job satisfaction
> this cultural trend was especially true for managers and employees, men, and those of higher levels of education.
> They concluded that cultural values are useful in predicting emotional responses.
30
McSweeney (2002) notes the core assumption of Hofstede’s view of culture is that it is what? [this is his critique]
> it is implicit, causal, territorially unique, and shared.
> McSweeney further notes that this idea of culture has been debated at length.
31
Overall, what has Hofstede’s work been criti-cized for?
> minimizing the possibility of many cultures operating simultaneously within a country
> and also for assuming that national boundaries demarcate different cultural orientations.
32
Moulettes (2007) provides a critique of the cultural value dimensions by asking whether the theory overall engenders Westernized, patriarchial structures. Moulettes and others raise their questions using what theory?
> using postcolonial theory, which makes an attempt to understand the process and problems stemming from European colonization
33
Within health psychology the biopsychosocial formulation, it posits that biological, psychological, and social processes interact and contribute in what way to health and illness?
> contributes reciprocally to health and illness.
34
What is interconnected to our biological processes?
> psychological, social experi-ences.and behaviours are interconnected with their biological processes.
35
1. What two factors have increasingly been recognized within a biopsychosocial for-mulation of health?
2. Why has this been recognized?
1. Culture and ethnicity
2. It has been recognized as important for the causation, prevention, and management of illness
36
It is important to consider all the influences that culture exerts on health, including what?
| CS/ERS/A/ETS/IE
> including coping styles, economic re-sources, appraisals of and exposure to stress, and illness exposure
37
Diversity is accelerat-ing in multiple contexts, including what four spheres?
2. and these spheres, in turn, have been shown to impact on health and mental health through what factors?
1. including social, religious, educational, and economic spheres
2. factors as language barriers and access to health insurance and health care
38
Marshall and colleagues (2011) demonstrate how culture may be a central consideration within what model? What illness does this specifically apply to?
> culture may be a central consideration within a biopsychosocial model of health for patients diag-nosed with cancer and for their families.
> They emphasize socio-cultural and family-systems models in which cul-ture, family, and social class interconnect and influence the trajectory of cancer illness.
39
What did Marshall and colleagues find about the differences between groups of patients in the rates of cancers and recovery that can be accounted for by what factors? Describe each of them (3).
> by socio-cultural factors.
> poverty, in particular, has strong explanatory power.
> They stress the personal influence of culture on individuals and families and, in turn, the individual’s role as a producer of culture.
40
Marshall and colleagues (2011) describe how cancer education may become more responsive to culture by considering what 6 factors?
| L,T,F,FCP,FFTS,AFUP
1. language
2. transportation,
3. finances,
4. flexible care provision (e.g., time of treatments, setting),
5. family-friendly treatment settings, and
6. appropriate follow-up.
41
Within a biopsychosocial approach, health psychologists often focus on what beliefs of a patient?
> health psychologists often focus on the health beliefs of the patient
42
1. The health beliefs model of social cognition explains how beliefs interact to produce what effects?
2. What assumption is this model based on?
> behavioural effects
> It is based on the assumption that people are motivated to be healthy (value) and that they hold beliefs about the helpfulness of their behaviours (expectancy)—hence, value expectancy theory.
43
Does culture affect attributions of health? What are cultural attributions of health?
> culture may affect attributions about health, which are causal explanations people
assign to illness and wellness.
44
Kottak (2011) describes three different styles of health attributions that may differ cross-culturally. What are those three?
1) Naturalistic theories
2) personalistic theories
3) Emotional theories
45
Of the three different styles of health attributions described by Kottak, how do they all differ? Which one is most representative of western medicience?
> Naturalistic theories (most characteristic of Western medicine) seek to explain illness scientifically, systematically, and impersonally.
> personalistic theories that attribute illness to sorcerers, spirits, and ghosts
> emotionalistic theories ascribe illness to extreme states of emotion.
46
1. Some re-search suggests that individuals from developing countries may more likely attribute causes of illness (mental and physical) to what kind of beliefs?
2. How about more developed countries?
1. to spiritual, social, and supernatural beliefs
2. whereas those from more developed countries make attributes based on naturalistic, individual-centred theories of illness
47
Health beliefs and health attributions have what kind of relationship and what information does it provide to a patient?
> have a reciprocal relationship wherein attributions influence the development of health beliefs, which in turn affect how people make attributions
> Health beliefs and attributions provide information to the patient about the meaning and seriousness of symptoms and influence health behaviours.
48
Gurung (2011) describes a number of culturally based systems of medicine that are likely to influence health beliefs. Describe one that Gurung has studied
> traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), practitioners work holistically with the human body and environment.
> Forces in the body, along with pairings of organs and qi (chee; energy circulating in bodies, which is popularly conceptualized as the human-energy com-plex) are sought to be balanced and harmonized, which is considered central in health and illness
> Food is principal for balancing the body and optimizing the flow of qi.
49
Cohen (2003) notes that among Native Americans, medicine is more akin to what? What are their practices often referred to as?
> is more akin to healing than to curing and focuses on restoring well-being and harmony to the body; these practices are often referred to as “traditional healing.”
50
Gurung (2011) notes that many elements of Native American medicine are similar to what other culture's practice of medicene?
> are similar to TCM (traditional Chinese medicine)
> Elements of the natural world are considered alongside the human world wherein everything is connected.
> Healers co-ordinate medical practices and work with patients to find connections among their life experiences and their illness.
> Ritual, ceremony, and the spirit world are also often given consideration
51
Within Western medicine, what other systems of medicine are being incorporated? What is this reflecting?
> many of these traditional systems of healing are being incorporated into complementary and alternative approaches to treating illness,
> reflecting the changing health beliefs of our multicultural society.
52
Most often “alternative” and “complementary” medicine terms are used interchangeably - but the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the US distinguishes the two. What is their definition for both?
> It defines alternative medicine as non-mainstream approaches to health that are used in place of conventional medicine
> whereas complementary approaches refer to the use of non-mainstream approaches in conjunction with conventional medicine
53
Aside from alternative and complementary practices of medicine, what are two other approaches?
> it can be also divided into natural products and mind–body practices
54
Several mind–body practices are adaptations from what kind of medicine? Provide some examples:
> non-Western medicine, such as meditation, yoga, Tai Chi, and qigong.
55
What condition does yoga have beneficial effects for?
> yoga has beneficial effects for patients with musculoskeletal pain problems
* not consistent across all studies though
56
Despite their potential importance, it is not easy to examine what factors relating to physical and mental disorders cross-culturally? Is this measurement encouraged?
> it is not easy to examine etiological (i.e., concerning the origins or causes)
> and many have cautioned against the categorical measurement of ethnicity or race as proxy for culture
57
Sheikh and Furnham (2000) examined health beliefs among three cultural groups including British Western, Asian British (Indo-Asian background residing in Britain), and Pakistani persons, what was found about attributions of illness?
> Pakistani participants scored higher on measures of Western attributions of illness as well as non-Western attributions of ill-ness than British Western participants.
>The authors admitted this was unexpected and suggested speculatively that plurality within the Pakistani medical system may explain the differences.
> (British-western and Asian-British) were expected to have more western attributions of illness
58
What are the five elements of traditional Chinese medicine?
> wood, fire, earth, metal, water
59
What are health disparities?
> refer to the gap between the incidence and prevalence rates of illness and death among different groups of people,
60
How can the differences in health disparities be measured?
> hese differences can be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of inequality (i.e., an unequal condition) and also inequity (i.e., an unequal condition deemed to be unfair or unjust)
61
Although significant health disparities exist among Caucasian people and people representing visible minority populations, the relationship between health disparities and ethnic status is not straight-forward; it generally is considered to be considered what?
> considered to be mostly mediated.
> Mediation occurs when a third variable accounts for the measured relationship between two variables such as socio-economic status and health behaviours
62
To understand health disparities, researchers use multiple health-related outcomes/indicators including what?
> health status (e.g., life expectancy), subjective self-rated health, disease presence (e.g., diabetes), health-care access and use, and health behaviours (e.g., smoking)
63
Richmond and Cook (2016) review the evidence for health disparities in Canada. They note that although some health disparities have narrowed, Canada still shows what?
> still shows clear differences among groups of people regardless of the indicators used (e.g., health status, health behaviours, disease outcomes).
> Most notably, Canada’s Indigenous peoples fare much worse than non-Indigenous Canadians on indicators such as life expectancy and infant mortality, chronic disease outcomes, and health behaviours
64
What's the life expectancy of Canadian indigenous persons in comparisons
> Indigenous men living off reserve = 72.1 years
> general Canadian population = 76 years.
> For Indigenous women = 77.7 years off reserve
> 81.5 years = the general population.
65
Most notably, Canada’s Indigenous peoples fare much worse than non-Indigenous Canadians on indicators such as:
> such as life expectancy and infant mortality, chronic disease outcomes, and health behaviours
66
Smylie, Fell, and Ohlsson (2010) exam-ined infant mortality rates among Indigenous people in Canada, noting that these rates are im-portant indicators of what? Is this problem specific to Canada?
> indicators of the overall level of health of a population.
> Infant mortality is an important indicator of health disparity
> the Inuit of Quebec have a rate of infant mortality greater than five times that of the general Canadian population (23.1 deaths/1000 vs 4.4 deaths/1000).
> Similar findings have been reported for life expectancy and infant mortality for Indigenous popu-lations in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (Smylie et al., 2010).
67
Regarding specific illness outcomes, diabetes and its complications are particularly prob-lematic for which ethnic minority group in Canada? What specific subgroups are the rates of diabetes somewhat lower for?
> for Indigenous persons.
> Health Canada has reported that rates of diabetes among First Nations persons living on reserve are three to five times higher than among other Canadians
> Although rates of diabetes are somewhat lower among Métis and First Nations persons living off reserve
68
Is the diabetic crisis for indigenous persons only specific to Canada?
> In the United States, Native Americans and Alaska Natives are more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of diabetes as their non-Hispanic White counterparts (American Diabetes Association, 2012).
69
In the United States, health disparities among which ethnic group is most concerning?
> among African-Americans
> the CDC (2011) reported that in terms of life expectancy, African Americans live six to ten years less than non-Hispanic White American
> have twice the infant mortality rate (13.35 per 1000 live births compared to 5.58 per 1000).
> CVD mortality in general and premature death rates from cardiovascular disease + stroke are highest among African Americans
70
Keenan and Shaw (2011) in their literature review also examined health disparities for cardiovascular disease risk factors and found that major disparities exist among those in which age category? What two factors were most common in one group?
> exist among younger individuals aged 23 to 25.
> obesity (especially among women) and hypertension are particularly problematic for African Americans
71
Among the US Hispanic population, there are several notable health disparities. Vega, Rod-riguez, and Gruskin (2009) describe which conditions as most concerning?
> describe diabetes, certain types of cancer, liver disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as being particularly problematic.
72
Regarding diabetes, Hispanic people living in the United States experience what compared to the general population?
> experience greater disparities in risk, complications and mortality rates for fiabetes
> Moreover, these mortality rates are increasing at a greater rate than in the general population
> there are disparities in the rates of mortality due to liver disease among the Hispanic population, although the rates of these conditions are not elevated
> HIV mortality reflects an important health disparity among the US Hispanic population, although this gap has narrowed (HIV among Hispanics are almost three times the rate for White people)
73
Which cancers affect hispanics more in the US? What should be noted about cancer rates for this group? Break it down by gender. What should be noted about the overall cancer rates within this population?
> Specific types of cancers, especially cervical cancer among women and stomach and liver cancers among men are higher in this population
>
> although the overall cancer rates are not elevated within this population
74
Carter-Pokras and Baquet (2002) note that health disparities are not thought to occur due to eth-nicity/race/culture per se but rather what?
> because of a complex chain of secondary mediating variables contributing to disease outcomes
75
What are secondary mediating variables contributing to health care disease outcomes?
> can be described as health-care disparities
76
Government agencies responsible for researching population health often identify what?
> often identify determin-ants that are given priority within a health-care platform
77
What are determinants of health?
> de-fined as the range of factors that account for the health status of groups of people
78
The US Department of Health and Human Servi-ces (HealthyPeople.gov, 2012) groups determinants of health into what things?
| PM, SF, HS, IB, B, G
> groups determinants of health into policy making, social factors, health services, individual behaviour, and biology and genetics
79
Health Canada (2011) considers 12 key determinants of health, 11 of which are based on what and what about the other one?
80
What are the 12 key determinants of health from health Canada?
| I/SS-SSN-EL-E/WC-SE-PE-PHP/CS-HCD-BGE-HS-G-C
1) income and social status,
2) social support networks,
3) education and literacy,
4) employment/working conditions,
5) social environments,
6) physical environ-ments,
7) personal health practices and coping skills,
8) healthy child development,
9) biology and genetic endowment,
10) health services,
11) gender
12) culture.
81
Adelson (2005) notes, Indigenous health disparities are related to what disparities and not to what? Why do these health disparities exsist?
> are related to economic, political, and social disparities—not to any inherent Indigenous trait—
> they exist because of the limited autonomy Indigenous peoples have in determining and addressing their health needs.
82
What is a leading cause of health disparities?
> Socioeconomic status
83
The APA’s Task Force on Socioeconomic Status (APA, 2007) describes three conceptualiza-tions of SES. Name and describe each:
> materialist, gradient, and social-class perspectives.
1) The materialist perspective uses education, income, and occupation to explain varying levels of access to resources, which is the primary explanatory mechanism of disparities.
2) A gradient perspective considers the relative gap between groups of people as important for health and often focuses on mediating pathways (e.g., coping styles, belief structures) as explanatory mechanisms.
3) The social-class perspective considers aspects of society that promote closed perpetuation of wealth and power.
84
Overall, a well-known association exists between health and SES; what is that?
> those of higher status tend to have better health (Matthews & Gallo, 2011; Ram, 2006). People of lower SES are more likely to suffer from diseases, to experience lowered functioning due to illness, to have higher physical and cognitive impairment, and to have higher mortality rates
85
Are certain groups overrepresented for poverty/low income?
> Visible minorities, Indigenous people, and Hispanic and Latino persons are over-represented among those living in poverty
> In the United States and Canada, adults of African descent are over-represented in the lowest income bracket and under-represented in the highest brackets
86
African-American men are disadvantaged economically compared to Caucasian men as evidenced through what job factors?
> through lower earnings, higher unemployment, and greater representation in lower-income jobs;
87
Xanthos et al. (2010) note that lower SES has been linked to poorer health in african americans through what kind of mechanism?
> through a stress-related mechanism, which may result from reduced opportunities (e.g., educational, occupational, health).
88
When people relocate to another culture, they undergo a socio-cultural process known as what? Is it straight forward? and what causes it to vary among people?
> they undergo a socio-cultural process of acculturation wherein they adapt to and take on characteristics (i.e., behavioural, lifestyle) of the “new” cul-ture via continual contact
> Acculturation is not necessarily a straightforward process, but rather occurs in stages across several domains such as language and socio-economic status;
> the characteristics of acculturation and the degree to which changes manifest depend on the differences between the two cultures
89
A useful theory for understanding acculturation is what model?
> Berry’s (1997) two-factor model of accultura-tion in which levels of identification with the native and host cultures are considered.
90
What are the four outcomes discussed in Barry's two factor model of acculturation?
Four outcomes are possible: marginalization, seperation, assimilation, integration
(1) marginalization occurs when there is low affiliation with either culture;
(2) separation occurs when an individual has a high affiliation with the culture of origin but a low identification with the new culture;
(3) assimilation involves a low affiliation with the culture of origin but a high affiliation with the new culture; and
(4) integration involves high affiliation with both cultures.
91
Morales et al. (2002) note that acculturation can have positive or negative effects on health behaviours depending on what?
> depending on the frequency of the behaviour in the original and new cultures.
> For example, if reliance on fast food is more common in the new culture, acculturation would have a negative effect evidenced through increased consumption of fast food.
92
he APA (2012) describes clinical health psychologists as working at the intersection between what two conditions?
> between physical and emotional conditions.
93
Scott and colleagues (2008) conducted one of only a few studies examining patients pre-senting with mental and physical health co-morbidities. They examined a general population survey (N = 7435) in New Zealand, focusing on cultural groups with physical and psychological disabilities. What was found overall? What was the one noteworthy finding?
> Few differences were found based on cultural/ethnic group. The only noteworthy finding was that the association between respiratory disease and mood disorders was stronger for the Pacific group, but the authors were unable to explain this finding
94
In another study, Scott, Kokaua, and Baxter (2011) found that having a physical condition re-sulted in what kind of behaviour?
> increased help-seeking behaviour for mental health problems
95
Do mental health issues have disparities among the ethnic groups?
> immigrants in general across countries have increased rates of psychological disorders compared to native populations
> Canadian First Nations people have been found to have higher rates of suicide (some estimates indicate twice the rate), alcoholism, and incidences of violence
> minority populations in North America have fewer psychological services available to them and have diffi-culty accessing these services; they have a lower likelihood of seeking out, receiving, and retaining services, and there is less probability they will receive high-quality care and obtain benefits of therapy
96
Are some physical and psychological conditions specific to cultures? If so, what are they called?
> some physical and psychological conditions are specific to various cultures.
> These are referred to as culture-bound syndromes, which have been described as recurrent patterns of abnormal behaviour and troubling experience that occur specifically to a local culture/community
97
consider a research investigation on postpartum depression (Oates et al., 2004) and the connection to culture-bound syndromes.
> women from all countries attributed insuffi-cient sleep and fatigue to unhappiness following delivery.
> Women from all the countries recog-nized the phenomenon of morbid unhappiness (i.e., postpartum depression).
> However, the term “postnatal depression” was not consistently used and not all of the cultural groups considered these feelings abnormal or to require professional treatment.
98
Lewis-Fernández et al. (2009) reviewed the cross-cultural literature on anx-iety disorders. They found that research studies supported the importance of cultural factors in the expression of which of these disorders?
> panic disorder
> social anxiety disorder
> generalized anxiety disorder especially.
99
he situation within the United States was more complex. There, higher prevalence of social anxiety disorder was associated with being in what demographic categories?
> being American Indian
100
Lewis-Fernandéz et al. (2009) describe a cultural variant of social anxiety, known as what?
> Taijin kyofusho, a culture-bound syndrome, although the distinct status of Taijin kyofusho from social anxiety disorder has been debated
> Specifically, these individuals have social fears of doing something that will embarrass the other person
101
Nevertheless, newer commentary by Morales and Norcross (2010) notes that the gap between evidence-based practice and multicultural interventions has closed. In what year did this gap start to narrow?
> Beginning in 2002, they describe a proliferation of national conferences, federal initiatives, and discipline-specific guidelines highlighting the need for cultural inclusion in empirically based practice
102
What has the the APA and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) incorporated into their training standards?
> have incorporated diversity training into their professional training standards (
103
Sue, Zane, Nagayama Hall, and Berger (2009) define competence as what?
> as having the required training, experience, and qualifications to adequately complete a task.
104
“Competence” and “cultural competence” are related constructs sharing common ingredients, such as what? However, what do they predict differently?
> sharing common ingredients, such as empathy and therapeutic alliance, but there is also evidence that cultural competence predicts client satisfaction with therapy beyond competence alone
105
ultural competence can be further distinguished from two related terms, “cultural sensitivity” and “patient-centred cultural sensitivity.” Describe each of these terms:
> Cultural sensitivity refers to a general, ongoing awareness of and responsiveness to cultural differences and similarities
> Patient-centred cultural sensitivity is a more specific term applied to health-care workers. It comprises several characteristics, including sensitivity wherein professionals provide care that indi-cates respect for the patient’s culture.
106
Several prominent scholars have proposed theoretical models of multicultural counselling
competencies that stress three components: what are they?
| CA/B-CK-CS
1) cultural awareness/beliefs,
2) cultural knowledge
3) cultural skills
107
What do culturally competent therapists do?
> are aware of his or her own assumptions, values, and biases associated with racism, sexism, disability, and ageism
> are aware of how their biases affects his or her practice.
> strive to understand that the worldviews of clients are culturally diverse.
> Cultural competence may occur through empathetic practice but mainly through a learning process aimed to uncover the scope and nature of the client’s background and daily experiences through cultural encounters
108
Racial/ethnic similarities between client and therapist are important for what kind of care? In this instance, what is race a proxy for?
> are important for culturally respon-sive care,
> with “race” used as a proxy for “shared cultural experiences”
109
What are good indicators of cultural match?
> shared language,
> understanding of the client’s cultural background,
> an openness to modify and match treat-ment approach
