CHAPTER 15 Flashcards
Isomers
same molecular formular, but different structures.
Types of Isomers
Constitutional & Stereoisomers
Constitutional Isomers
attachment of atoms are different.
Stereoisomers
attachment of atoms are the same, but spatial arrangment are different.
Types of Stereoisomers
Enantiomers & Diastereoisomers
Enantiomers
mirror images (D and L).
Diastereoisomers
not mirror images.
Types of Diastereoisomers
Epimers & Anomers
Epimers
differ at one carbon atoms.
Anomers
differ at the carbon atom formed on ring closure (alpha and beta).
Thermodynamics: First Law
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
enerrgy is converted from one form to another.
Thermodynamics: Second Law
the total entropy (disorder) of a system plus that of its surounding always increases.
The net charge of ATP?
4
The net charge of ADP?
3
The net charge of AMP?
2
Reaction: ATP + H2O to ADP + Pi
-30.5 kJ/mol is released.
Phosphate Hydrolysis: SMALLER value indicates..
LOW energy compound
Phosphate Hydrolysis: LARGER value indicates…
HIGH energy compund
The three compunds with higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP?
- PEP
- 1,3-BPG
- Creatine Phosphate
+ 𝜟G°′
Endergonic
-𝜟G°′
Exergonic
A reaction will proceed in the forward or
backward direction at standard conditions (initial 1M concentrations).
ΔGo’
A reaction can or cannot occur spontaneously, or whether the system is at equilibrium for ANY starting concentrations!
ΔG’
ΔG’ < 0 reaction occur spontaneously from A, B to C.
Foward rxn
ΔG’ > 0 reaction occur spontaneously from C, D to A, B.
Backwards rxn
ΔG’ = 0 reaction is at equilibrium.
No change in concentrations.
Keq’ « 1
Reaction A to B will not occur.
Keq’»_space; 1
Reaction A to B will occur.
Stages of Catabolism: Stage 1
- Fats is broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.
- Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and other sugars.
- Proteins are broken down to amino acids.
Stages of Catabolism: Stage 2
Small molecules are degraded into simpler units that are used for glycolysis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
Stages of Catabolism: Stage 3
- ATP produced from the energy released by oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 via citric acid cycle.
- Electrons released go the elctron transport chain, transferred to O2 (ATP synthesis).
Glycogen to G-6-P
breakdown of glycogen.
G-6-P
synthesis of glycogen.
G-6-P to Pyruvate
glycolysis
Pyruvate to G-6-P
gluconeogensis
The three ways to make acetyl CoA.
- amino acids
- pyruvate
- lactate
