CHAPTER 11

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

requires energy.

Question 1

Catabolism

Answer 1

transfers fuel into cellular energy.

Question 2

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is metabolized into..

Answer 2

lactate.

Question 3

Under aerobic conditons, pyruvate is metabolized into..

Answer 3

acetyl CoA.

Question 4

Oxidation

Answer 4

• loss of electrons.
• increase number of C-O bonds.

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

• gain electrons.
• decrease number of C-O bonds.

Question 6

Functions of Carbohydrates

Answer 6

1. serve as energy stores (starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (glucose, ATP), coenzyme (FAD and NAD+), and metabolic intermediates.
2. Structural framework for RNA and DNA.
3. Structural elements in the cell walls (bacteria and plants).
4. Covalently linked to many proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids).
5. Role in cell surfaces in cell-cell recognition processes.

Question 7

Hemiacetal

Answer 7

alcohol reacts with an aldehyde.

Question 8

Hemiketal

Answer 8

alcohol reacts with a ketone.

Question 9

-OH group on C-1 is below the plane of the ring (C5 above).

Answer 9

alpha

Question 10

-OH group on C-1 is above the plane of the ring (C5 above).

Answer 10

beta