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anatomy and physiology > chapter ; > Flashcards

chapter ; Flashcards

1
Q

tissue that covers surfaces

lines internal surfaces

forms glands

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

tissue that fills internal spaces

provides support

stores energy

transports materials

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

tissue contracts to produce movement

A

muscle tissue

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4
Q

tissue carries information as electrical impulses

A

nervous tissue

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5
Q

layers of cells that cover and line all surfaces of the body

A

epithelia

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6
Q

structures that produce fluid secretions

A

glands

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7
Q

-provide physical protection
-control permeability
-provide sensation
-produce specialized secretions

A

functions of epithelial tissue

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8
Q

-polarity
-cellularity
-attachment
-avascularity
-regeneration

A

characteristics of epithelial tissue

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9
Q

-move fluids over the epithelium (protection/lubrication)

-move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)

-produce secretions (protection and messaging)

A

specializations of epithelial cells

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10
Q

epithelial cell is divided into two functional groups

apical surface - exposed to internal or external environment (contains microvilli and cilia)

basolateral surface - includes base (where cell attaches) and sides (where cell contacts neighbors)

A

polarity of epithelial tissue

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11
Q

many epithelial cells that line internal passageways have this

increase absorption or secretion

A

microvilli

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12
Q

moves fluids

A

cilia

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13
Q

integrity is epithelia is maintained by

A

-intercellular connections
-attachment to basement membrane
-epithelial maintenance and repair

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14
Q

opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by transmembrane proteins called cell adhesion molecules

cell junctions

A

intercellular connections

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15
Q

specialized areas of plasma membrane that attach a cell

A

cell junctions

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16
Q

this junction permits free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells

2 cells held together by transmembrane proteins

A

gap junction

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17
Q

this junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of 2 plasma membranes

prevents diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells

adhesion belt lies deep to this junction and is tied to microfillaments of the terminal web

A

tight junction

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18
Q

this junction ties adjacent cells together

dense area is connected to cytoskeleton

A

spot desmosome

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19
Q

this junction attaches a cell to extracellular structures in the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosome

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20
Q

layer closer to epithelium which restricts movement of proteins and other large molecules from the underlying connective tissue into the epithelium

A

basal lamina

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21
Q

deeper portion of basement membrane which gives strength and acts as a filter

A

reticular lamina

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22
Q

the only way the epithelium can maintain structure in extreme environment is by continual division of stem cells

A

epithelial maintenance and repair

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23
Q

epithelia that contain gland cells specialized for secretion

A

glandular epithelia

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24
Q

collections of epithelial cells that produce secretions

25
Q

secrete directly into blood

A

endocrine glands

26
Q

secrete into body cavity or onto body surface

A

exocrine glands

27
Q

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

A

3 types of secretion

28
Q

product is released from exocrine cell by vesicles through exocytosis

A

merocrine secretion method

29
Q

apical portion of cytoplasm packs with vesicles and is then shed

involves loss of cytoplasm and secretory product

gland cell regrows and repairs itself

A

apocrine secretion method

30
Q

superficial/apical cells in stratified glandular epithelium packs with secretory vesicles and then bursts

kills the cell

A

holocrine secretion method

31
Q

-structural framework
-transports fluids
-protect organs
-supports, surrounds, and connects other tissues
-stores energy
-immunity

A

connective tissue functions

32
Q

extracellular fibers in a ground substance (solid)

A

connective tissue proper

33
Q

cells suspended in a watery matrix

A

fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)

34
Q

limited cell population and densely packed fibers (cartilage and bone)

A

supporting connective tissue

35
Q

collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

A

connective tissue proper fibers

36
Q

long straight collagen fibers that are strong and flexible (tendons and ligaments)

A

collagen fibers

37
Q

branching interwoven collagen fibers that stabilize organs

A

reticular fibers

38
Q

elastin, branched and wavy fibers located where stretch and recoil needed

A

elastic fiber

39
Q

fibroblast
fibrocytes
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells
macrophage
mast cell
lymphocytes
melanocytes

A

connective tissue proper cells

40
Q

produce fiber

A

fibroblast

41
Q

maintain fibers

A

fibrocytes

42
Q

adipocytes

43
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells

44
Q

macrophage

A

phagocytic cells

45
Q

contain heparin and histamine (promotes inflammation)

46
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells (immune)

47
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin

48
Q

mucous membrane
serous membranes
cutaneous membrane
synovial membrane

A

4 types of membrane

49
Q

line passageways that open to the exterior

function: protection through secretion of mucous

lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

A

mucous membranes

50
Q

lines cavities not open to exterior (pleural, perotineal, pericardial)

function: reduce friction by secreting serous fluid

A

serous membrane

51
Q

skin, thick and waterproof covers the surface of the body

function: protection, secreted sweat and sebum

A

cutaneous membrane

52
Q

line joint cavities

function: reduce friction, secrete synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

53
Q

stages in tissue repair following injury

A

clotting
inflammation
proliferation
remodeling

54
Q

can be triggered by trauma (physical injury) or infection (pathogens)

damaged cells release prostaglandins, proteins, and potassium ions

damaged connective tissue activates mast cells (secrete histamine)

A

inflammatory repsonse

55
Q

damaged cells release enzymes that destroy injured cells (tissue destruction)

56
Q

necrotic tissue and cellular debris (pus) accumulate in the wound. if it is trapped in it is called an

57
Q

what tissues regenerate well

A

epithelia
connective tissue (except cartilage)
smooth muscle

58
Q

what tissues do not regenerate well

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
nervous tissue

59
Q

damaged cardiac muscles are replaced by what through fibrosis

A

fibrous tissue

anatomy and physiology (3 decks)

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