CHAPTER 14.1-14.2 (HALF OF FINAL)

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

refers to the use of natural biological systems to create a product or achieve some other end desired by humans

Question 2

genetic engineering

Answer 2

allows scientists to modify the genomes of a variety of organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals, to either improve the characteristics of the organism or make biotechnology products.

Question 3

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 3

one whose genome has been modified in some way, usually by recombinant DNA technology

Question 4

transgenic organism

Answer 4

an example of a GMO that has had a gene from another species inserted into its genome

Question 5

cloning

Answer 5

the production of genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms through asexual means

Question 6

gene cloning

Answer 6

DNA cloning can be done to produce many identical copies of the same gene

Question 7

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Answer 7

contains DNA from two or more different sources, such as human cell and a bacterial cell

Question 8

vector

Answer 8

to make rDNA, a technician needs a vector (“To carry”) by which rDNA will be introduced into a host cell. EX: a plasmid

Question 9

Plasmids

Answer 9

small accessory rings of DNA found in bacteria

Question 10

restriction enzyme & DNA ligase

Answer 10

two enzymes needed to introduce foreign DNA into vector DNA, a restriction enzyme, which cleaves DNA and an enzyme called DNA ligase which seals DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme.

Question 11

DNA sequencing

Answer 11

a procedure used to determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA, often within a specific gene

Question 12

gel electrophoresis

Answer 12

a process which separates DNA fragments according to their size, with the result of fragment sorting a pattern of distinctive brands that identify the person

Question 13

DNA Fingerprinting

Answer 13

a technology that can identify and distinguish among individuals based on variations in their DNA

Question 14

short tandem repeat (STR) sequences

Answer 14

short DNA sequences that are repeated many times in a row

Question 15

genome editing

Answer 15

the targeting of specific sequences in the DNA for removal or replacement. most widely used method is called CRISPR

Question 16

gene pharming

Answer 16

the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals