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Sonography part 1 > Chapter 14 Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system has two principle functions: excreting _________ and regulating the composition of _______.

A

wastes, blood

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2
Q

The urinary system has two principle functions: excreting _________ and regulating the composition of _______.

A

wastes, blood

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3
Q

The right kidney lies slightly _______ than the left kidney because the large right lobe of the _______ pushes it _______.

A

lower, liver, inferiorly

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4
Q

The kidneys move with respiration; on deep inspiration, both kidneys move _________ approximately 1 inch.

A

downward

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5
Q

Within the hilus of the kidney are other _______ structures, a ureter, and the _______.

A

vascular, lymphatics

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6
Q

A fibrous capsule called the ______ surrounds the kidney.

A

true capsule

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7
Q

Ouside of this fibrous capsule is a covering of ________.

A

perinephric fat.

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8
Q

The ________ fascia surrounds the perinephric fat and encloses the kdneys and adrenal glands.

A

perinephric

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9
Q

The renal fascia, known as _______ fascia, surrounds the true capsule and perinephric fat.

A

Gerota’s

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10
Q

The medullary substance consists of a seris of striated conical masses, call the renal ______.

A

pyramids

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11
Q

A nephron consists of two main structures, a renal ________ and a renal _________.

A

corpuscle, tubule

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12
Q

Nephrons ________ the blood and produce _____.

A

filter, urine

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13
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries, called the ________, which is surrounded by cuplike structure known as _________.

A

glumeulos, Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

Blood flows into the glomerulus through a small _________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus through a(n) _______ arteriole.

A

afferent, efferent

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15
Q

There are three constrictions along the ureter’s course: (1) _______, (2) _________, (3)__________.

A

where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis, where it kinks as crosses the pelvic brim, where it pierces the bladder wall

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16
Q

The main renal artery is a lateral branch of the aorta and arises just inferior to the __________ artery.

A

superior mesenteric

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17
Q

The renal vein drains into the ________ of the inferior vena cava.

A

lateral walls

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18
Q

The urinary system is located posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity in an area called the __________.

A

retroperitoneum

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19
Q

The kidneys adjust the amounts of _______ and _________ leaving the body so that these equal the amounts of substances entering the body.

A

water, electrolytes

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20
Q

The principal metabolic waste products are _______, ________, and nitrogenous wastes.

A

water, carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Both urea and uric acid are carried away from the liver into the kidneys by the _______ system.

A

vascular

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22
Q

The presence of an acute infection causes _______, which is ________ in the urine; pyuria means there is _______ in the urine.

A

hematuria, red blood cells, pus

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23
Q

The pH refers to the strenght of the urine as a partly _______ or ______ solution.

A

acidic, alkaline

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24
Q

The _________ is the measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.

A

specific gravity

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25
Q

The specific gravity is especially _______ in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.

A

low

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26
Q

A decreased __________ occurs with acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.

A

hematocrit

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27
Q

Impairment of renal function and increased protein catabolism result in BUN _______ that is relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen excreted by the kidneys.

A

elevation

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28
Q

The renal parenchyma surrounds the fatty central renal sinus, which contains these five structures:

A

calycs, infundibula, pelvis, vessels and lymphatics

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29
Q

Dilation of the collecting system has also been noted in _________ patients, especially the right kidney.

A

pregnant

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30
Q

The __________ is the area from the renal sinus to the outer renal surface.

A

parenchyma

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31
Q

The _________ and __________ arteries and are best demonstrated as intense specular echoes in cross section or oblique section at the corticomedullary junction.

A

interlobar vessels, arcuate

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32
Q

The _________ generally is echo producing, whereas the medullary pyramids are _______.

A

cortex, hypoechoic

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33
Q

the cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, called _________, that extend inward to the renal sinus.

A

columns of Bertin

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34
Q

The ______ lie posterior to the renal arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and absence of Doppler flow.

A

crura

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35
Q

The _________ of the pyramid oints toward the sinus, and the _______ lies adjacent to the renal cortex.

A

apex, base

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36
Q

The _________ is a cortical bulge that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left side.

A

Dromedary Hump

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37
Q

The right kidney lies slightly _______ than the left kidney because the large right lobe of the _______ pushes it _______.

A

lower, liver, inferiorly

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38
Q

The kidneys move with respiration; on deep inspiration, both kidneys move _________ approximately 1 inch.

A

downward

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39
Q

Within the hilus of the kidney are other _______ structures, a ureter, and the _______.

A

vascular, lymphatics

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40
Q

A fibrous capsule called the ______ surrounds the kidney.

A

true capsule

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41
Q

Ouside of this fibrous capsule is a covering of ________.

A

perinephric fat.

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42
Q

The ________ fascia surrounds the perinephric fat and encloses the kdneys and adrenal glands.

A

perinephric

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43
Q

The renal fascia, known as _______ fascia, surrounds the true capsule and perinephric fat.

A

Gerota’s

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44
Q

The medullary substance consists of a seris of striated conical masses, call the renal ______.

A

pyramids

How well did you know this?
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3
4
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45
Q

A nephron consists of two main structures, a renal ________ and a renal _________.

A

corpuscle, tubule

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46
Q

Nephrons ________ the blood and produce _____.

A

blood, urine

47
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of a network of capillaries, called the ________, which is surrounded by cuplike structure known as _________.

A

glumeulos, Bowman’s capsule

48
Q

Blood flows into the glomerulus through a small _________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus through a(n) _______ arteriole.

A

afferent, efferent

49
Q

There are three constrictions along the ureter’s course: (1) _______, (2) _________, (3)__________.

A

where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis, where it kinks as crosses the pelvic brim, where it pierces the bladder wall

50
Q

The main renal artery is a lateral branch of the aorta and arises just inferior to the __________ artery.

A

superior mesenteric

51
Q

The renal vein drains into the ________ of the inferior vena cava.

A

lateral walls

52
Q

The urinary system is located posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity in an area called the __________.

A

retroperitoneum

53
Q

The kidneys adjust the amounts of _______ and _________ leaving the body so that these equal the amounts of substances entering the body.

A

water, electrolytes

54
Q

The principal metabolic waste products are _______, ________, and nitrogenous wastes.

A

water, carbon dioxide

55
Q

Both urea and uric acid are carried away from the liver into the kidneys by the _______ system.

A

vascular

56
Q

The presence of an acute infection causes _______, which is ________ in the urine; pyuria means there is _______ in the urine.

A

hematuria, red blood cells, pus

57
Q

The pH refers to the strenght of the urine as a partly _______ or ______ solution.

A

acidic, alkaline

58
Q

The _________ is the measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.

A

specific gravity

59
Q

The specific gravity is especially _______ in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.

A

low

60
Q

A decreased __________ occurs with acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.

A

hematocrit

61
Q

Impairment of renal function and increased protein catabolism result in BUN _______ that is relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen excreted by the kidneys.

A

elevation

62
Q

The renal parenchyma surrounds the fatty central renal sinus, which contains these five structures:

A

calycs, infundibula, pelvis, vessels and lymphatics

63
Q

Dilation of the collecting system has also been noted in _________ patients, especially the right kidney.

A

pregnant

64
Q

The __________ is the area from the renal sinus to the outer renal surface.

A

parenchyma

65
Q

The _________ and __________ arteries and are best demonstrated as intense specular echoes in cross section or oblique section at the corticomedullary junction.

A

interlobar vessels, arcuate

66
Q

The _________ generally is echo producing, whereas the medullary pyramids are _______.

A

cortex, hypoechoic

67
Q

the cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, called _________, that extend inward to the renal sinus.

A

columns of Bertin

68
Q

The ______ lie posterior to the renal ) _____arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and absence of Doppler flow.

A

crura

69
Q

The _________ of the pyramid points toward the sinus, and the _______ lies adjacent to the renal cortex.

A

apex, base

70
Q

The _________ is a cortical bulge that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left side.

A

Dromedary Hump

71
Q

A(n) _________ is a triangular, echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that can be sen during normal scanning.

A

junctional parenchymal defect

72
Q

In a patient with a(n) ____________ ther is fusion of the dineys during fetal development that almost invariably involves the _______ poles.

A

lower

73
Q

A cystic mass presents sonographically iwth several characteristic features:

A

(1) smooth, thin, well-defined borders
(2) round or oval shape
(3) sharp interface between the cyst and renal parenchyma
(4) no internal echos (anechoic)
(5) increased posterior enhancement

74
Q

A cystlike enlargemnt of the lower end of the ureter is called a(n) _________.

A

ureterocele

75
Q

Sonographically, it is difficult to differentiate between a(n) _________ cyst and a small adjacent cortical cyst.

A

septated

76
Q

The parapelvic cyst is found in the _________ but does not communicate with the renal collecting system.

A

renal sinus

77
Q

Name the four forms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

A

Perinatal, neonatal, infantile and juvenile

78
Q

Usually a(n) __________ renal contour is the first finding that a mass may be present and requires further investigation.

A

abnormal`

79
Q

One of the most common benign renal tumors is called ________.

A

adenoma

80
Q

An uncommon benigh renal tumor composed maily of fat cells and commonly found in the renal cortex is ____________,

A

angiomyolipoma.

81
Q

A(n) ________ appears as a well-defined echogenic mass, found more often in females.

A

lipomas

82
Q

Sonographic findings include one or more fluid spaces at the __________ junction that corresponds to the distribution of the renal pyramids.

A

corticomedullary

83
Q

Although the kidneys appear enlarges with a highly echogenic renal sinus, the intrarenal anatomy is preserved with uniform loss of renal tissue in patients with _________.

A

renal atrophy

84
Q

They most common medical renal disease that produces acute renal failure is ______.

A

acute tubular necrosis.

85
Q

Chronic renal disease is loss of renal ________ as a result of disease, most commonly parenchymal disease.

A

function

86
Q

There are three pirmary types of chronic renal failure: ________, _______ and _________.

A

nephron, vascular, interstitial abnormalities.

87
Q

___________ is when the dilated pyelocalyceal system appears as separation of the renal sinus echoes by fluid-filled areas that conform anatomically to the infundibula, calyces, and renal pelvis.

A

Hydronephrosis

88
Q

A localized hydronephrosis occurs as a result of ________, calculi, _______, or the __________.

A

strictures, focal masses, duplex collecting system

89
Q

Hydropnephrosis with a dilated ureter and bladder indicates obstruction and bladder indicates obstruction of the _________ junction or of the _________.

A

ureterovesical, urethra

90
Q

If hydronephrosis is suspected, the sonographer should evaluate the _______.

A

bladder

91
Q

Name two conditions that might mimic hydronephrosis.

A

Extrarenal pelvis, parapelvic cyst, reflux, multicystic kidney

92
Q

Ureteral jets are best visualized by ______ imaging.

A

color Doppler

93
Q

When pus is found withing the obsturcted renal system, the condition is called _______.

A

pyonephrosis

94
Q

__________ is a diffuse foci of calcium deposits, which is usually located in the medulla and infrequently can also be seen in the renal cortex.

A

Nephrocalcinosis

95
Q

A renal ______ occurs when part of the tissue undergoes necrosis after the cessation of the blood supply, usually as a result of artery occlusion.

A

infarction

96
Q

The major problem encountered with renal transplantation is _______.

A

graft rejection.

97
Q

Early after surgery, a baseline sonographic examination is performed to determine ______, _________, and ________.

A

renal size, calycial pattern, extrarenal fluid collection

98
Q

Perirenal fluid collections such as _______, ______, _________ or ___________ can be diagnosed reliably and differentiated from acute rejection.

A

hematoma, abscess, urinoma, lymphocele

99
Q

_______ rejection occurs within hous of transplatation and is caused by vasculitis leading to thrombosis and usually the loss of the graft.

A

Hyperacute

100
Q

_______ rejection occurs within days to months after transplant.

A

Acute

101
Q

_____ rejection causes include preformed antibodies, immune complexes, and cell-mediated responses.

A

Immunologic

102
Q

_________ rejection can occur months after transplantation with gradual onset.

A

Chronic

103
Q

When using ultrasound to help diagnose rejection, care must be taken to visualize these five things:

A

The size and shape of kidneys, the appearance of the pyramids, cortex and parenchyma, and the presence of any surrounding fluid collections

104
Q

The incidence of acute tubular necrosis is usually higher in ______ transplants than in _____ transplants.

A

cadaveric, donor-relative

105
Q

Early signs of obstruction are ______ or severe ______ in a patient with satisfactory renal volumes.

A

anuria, oliguria

106
Q

Renal artery stenosis exhibits a(n) ______ jet with distal turbulence.

A

high velocity

107
Q

________ Doppler is not angle dependent and has a greater sensitivity to detect blood flow.

A

Power

108
Q

The initial clinical sign of a kidnehy stone is extreme _____, typically followed by cramping on the side where the stone is located; nausea and vomiting may also occur.

A

pain

109
Q

Renal stones have very ________ foci with posterior acoustic shadowing.

A

echogenic

110
Q

If the stone causes obstruction, there will be _______ and, depending on the location of the stone, the ureter may be dilated _______ to the level of obstruction.

A

hydronephrosis, superior

111
Q

_____________ entails herniation of all layers of the bladder wall and is located in the posterior angle of the trigone.

A

congenitel diverticulum

112
Q

__________ diverticula are herniations of only the two inner layers through the muscle layer.

A

Acquired

113
Q

_________ is usually secondary to another condition that causes stasis of urine in the bladder.

A

cystitis

114
Q

The majority of bladder tumors in adults are ______ carcinoma.

A

transitional cell

Sonography part 1 (5 decks)

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