Chapter 14- Unit 4

Question 1

1. Define escape conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne

Answer 1

Escape conditioning (also known as negative reinforcement) is the removal of a certain aversive stimuli immediately after the occurence of a behaviour will increase the likelihood of that behaviour with Joanne: the removal of the loud aversive time following the response of showing good posture increased the probability that she would show a posture as an escapee response to the tone.

Question 2

5. In what two procedural ways is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement m? How are their effects similar ?

Answer 2

Different:
A) a negative reinforcement involved the removal of an aversive stimulus following a certain behaviour whereas positive reinforcement involves presenting a desirable stimulus following a certain behaviour.
B) negative reinforcement requires an undesirable behaviour to cease, and desirable (escape) response to occur, whereas positive reinforcement simply requires a positive behaviour to occur. Similar: both procedures increase the chances of the target behaviour occurring in a similar situation.

Question 3

6. Define avoidance conditioning, and describe how it was used with Joanne.

Answer 3

A behaviour prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring thereby resulting in an increase in the frequency of that behaviour. With Joanne, food positive prevented the time from occurring.

Question 4

7. Give another name for warning stimulus

Answer 4

Conditioned aversive conditioning

Question 5

What is he name is the type of avoidance conditioning that involves a warning stimulus ?

Answer 5

Discrimination avoidance conditioning

Question 6

10. What are two procedural differences between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning?

Answer 6

A) an escape response removes an aversive stimulus that has already occurred while an avoidance response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring at all
B) avoidance conditioning involves a warning stimulus, which signals a forthcoming aversive stimulus. Escape conditioning does not involve a warning stimulus.

Question 7

15. Explain with an example of your own why an individual might unknowingly positively reinforce undesirable behaviour of another individual (table 14.1)

Answer 7

Anna has cookies and her sister keeps kicking and saying, “give me one”. Anna gives her sister a cookie and the sister stops kicking. The next time Anna had cookies; her sister again begins to kick her and say “give me one”. The behaviour principle involved with this is escape life.