Chapter 14: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Question 1

What is phylogeny?

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of life and the relationships between different organisms

Question 2

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 2

A diagrammatic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of orgnaisms

Question 3

What is lineage?

Answer 3

Series of ancestor and descendant populations.

Question 4

The common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree forms the ___________(1) of the phylogenetic tree.

Answer 4

(1) root

The root of the tree is located between the ungroup and the outgrip

Question 5

What is a taxon?

Answer 5

Any group of species designated with a name. A group of one or more populations of organisms that form a unit as defined by taxonimists.

Can be monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic.

Question 6

What is a clade?

Answer 6

A group of organisms that are monophyletic and composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants.

Question 7

The _______________(1) is the complete, evolutionary history of life.

Answer 7

tree of life

Question 8

What are ancestral traits?

Answer 8

Shared traits inherited from a common ancestor

Question 9

What is a derived trait?

Answer 9

A trait that differs from its ancestral form

Question 10

What are homologous features?

Answer 10

Any features shared by two or more species that descended from a common ancestor. Have similar features

Question 11

What is a synapomorphy?

Answer 11

Derived traits that are shared among a group and are viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of the group

Ex. vertebral column is a synapomorphy for all vertebrates

Question 12

Between the bat and bird wing, what is homoplastic and homologous?

Answer 12

Bone structure is homologous

Wings are homoplastic

Question 13

What is evolutionary reversal?

Answer 13

When a species has a trait but then loses it

Question 14

What is a homoplastic trait?

Answer 14

Similar traits generated by convergent evolution and/or evolutionary reversals

Question 15

What is the in-group in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 15

The group of organisms of primary interest

Question 16

What is the outgroup?

Answer 16

Species or group known to be closely related to but outside of the group of interest.

Question 17

Evolutionary relationships of species can be determined by comparing ___________________(1).

Answer 17

(1) the genomes

Question 18

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 18

Infectious organisms are transmitted to humans from another animal host.

Question 19

Rates of molecular change are constant enough to _____________________(1)

Answer 19

(1) predict the timing of lineage splits

Question 20

A _____________________(1) uses the average rate at which a given gene or protein accumulates changes to gauge the time of divergence.

Answer 20

(1) molecular clock

Question 21

The biological classification system was started by _____________________(1) in the ____________(2).

Answer 21

(1) Carolus Linnaeus
(2) 1700s

Question 22

What are the rules for binomial nomenclature?

Answer 22

Genus is first and capitalized

Species name is second and not capitalized

Question 23

What are the seven main taxonomic ranks?

Answer 23

Kids(Kingdom)
Play(Phylum)
Catch(Class)
Over(Order)
Farmer(Family)
Grimes(genus)
Stable(Species)

Question 24

Basing phylogenetic trees on physiological traits and visual characteristics leads to?

Answer 24

The misidentification of species

Question 25

Draw paraphyletic, polyphyletic, and monophyletic.

Answer 25

Refer to diagram