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Research > Chapter 14 - Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

Emergent Design

A

evolves as a researcher make ongoing decisions based on what they have already learned
-reflection of the researcher’s desire to have the inquiry based on the realities and viewpoints of those under study

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2
Q

Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design

A
  • Flexible, elastic → adjust during data collection
  • Involves merging together various data collection strategies (ex. triangulation)
  • Almost always non-experimental 

  • Intent is to thoroughly describe or explain (holistic)
  • Researchers may be intensely involved and can last a lengthy period of time 

  • Real-world, naturalistic settings 

  • Cross-sectional or longitudinal 

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3
Q

Qualitative Design Features: Intervention, Control, and Blinding

A
  • almost always experimental (but may be embedding in an experiment)
  • rarely control any aspect of their study, no IV or DV
  • blinding rarely used
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4
Q

Qualitative Design Features: Comparisons

A
  • don’t usually make comparisons because the intent is to explain/describe a phenomenon
  • yet patterns may illuminate comparisons and analyzing often compares different categories in study
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5
Q

Qualitative Design Features: Research Settings

A
  • real world, natural settings

- many locations to study variety of phenomena in various settings

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6
Q

Qualitative Design Features: Timeframes

A
  • cross-sectional or longitudinal

- usually retrospective

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7
Q

Qualitative Design Features: Causality

A
  • qualitative research can seek causality and inevitable reveal patterns and processes suggesting causal interpretations
  • must continue to systematically test these inquiries
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8
Q

Ethnography (Definition and types)

A

involves the description and interpretation of a culture and cultural behavior

Field Work-process by when the ethnographer comes to understand a culture

Macroethnography- broadly defined culture

Microethnography- narrowly defined culture (focused), fine-grained studies of small units in a group or culture

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9
Q

Ethnography (purpose)

A

learn from (rather than study) members of a cultural group and understand their worldview

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10
Q

Ethnography (assumption)

A

every human group eventually evolves a culture that guides the members’ view of the world and the way they structure their experiences

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11
Q

Ethnography (perspectives)

A
  1. Emic Perspective – refers to the way members of the culture regard their world, “insiders view”, local language/concepts/means of expression that are used to name and characterize their experiences
    →used to reveal tactic knowledge (information about a culture that is so deeply embedded in cultural experience that members don’t talk about it and may not be consciously aware of it
  2. Etic Perspective – “outsiders view”, the words and concepts outsiders to the culture use to refer to the same phenomena
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12
Q

Ethnography (method of data collection)

A

-Seek to collect three types of information:
1. cultural behavior
2. cultural artifacts
3. cultural speech
→use various data sources such as observations, in-depth interviews, records, and other types of physical evidence (ex. photographs, diaries)

  • Participant Observation: make observations of the culture under study while participating in it’s activities
  • Key Informants: help ethnographers to understand/interpret the events and activities being observed
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13
Q

Ethnography (product)

A
  • labor intensive and time consuming, involves a cetain level of intimacy with the cultural group
  • rich and holistic description fo the culture = product
  • interpret culture, describing normative behavior/social patterns
  • foster understanding of beaviors affecting health and illness
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14
Q

Ethnonursing Research

A

the study/analysis of the local or indigenous people’s viewpoint, beliefs, and practices about nursing care behavior and the processes of designated cultures

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15
Q

Autoethnography/insider research

A

scrutiny of groups or cultures to which the researcher belongs to

Advantages: ease of access, candid data because of pre-established trust

Drawback: bias on certain issues, valued data may be overlooked

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16
Q

Phenomology (definition)

A

an approach to understanding and exploring people’s everyday life experiences
→ critical truths about reality are grounded in people’s lived experiences

17
Q

Phenomology (purpose)

A

what is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people and what does it mean?

18
Q

Phenomology (assumption)

A

there is an ESSENCE that can be understood, essence makes a culture what it is, would not be the same without it
-view human existence as meaningful/interesting because of people’s consciousness of that existence

19
Q

Phenomology (aspects of experience)

A
  1. Lived space/spatiality
  2. Lived body/corporeality
  3. Lived time/temporality
  4. Lived human relation/relationality
20
Q

Phenomology (data source)

A
  • main source is in-depth interviews → strive to gain entance into the informants world

  • 10 or fewer participants
21
Q

Descriptive Phenomology

A

What do we know as persons? → describe human experience
-describe things as people experience them (hearing, feeling, remembering, believing, deciding, evaluating)

Four steps:

  1. Bracketing- identifying/holding in abeyance preconceived beliefs/opinion about the phenomenon under study
  2. Intuiting- remaining open to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it
  3. Analysis
  4. Description
22
Q

Interpretive Phenomology

A

What is being? – interpreting (not just describing) human experience

Hermeneutics = “understanding”, basic characteristic of human existence
-Hermeneutics Circle: understanding the whole of a text by it’s parts and it’s parts in terms of the whole

Goal: enter another’s world and discover the wisdom/understandings found there
-no bracketing, just open approach

23
Q

Phenomology (product)

A
  • gather data, but also experience the phenomenon for themselves
  • describe this in key themes
24
Q

Grounded Theory (definition)

A

symbolic interaction, focusing on the manner in which people make sense of social interactions
-tries to account for people’s actions from the perspective of those involved

25
Q

Grounded Theory (purpose)

A

seek to understand people’s actions by first discovering the main concern/problem, and then the behavior designed to address it

Core variable: the manner in which people resolve the main concern
→basic social process (BSP): explains how people resolve it

26
Q

Grounded Theory (data source)

A
  • the problem and process used to solve it emerge from the data and are discovered during the study
  • research, data collection, data analysis, and participant sampling occur simultaneously
  • constant comparison: used to develop and refine theoretically relevant concepts/categories
  • in-depth interviews and participant observation are most common
  • sample of 20-30 people
27
Q

Constructivist Grounded Theory

A

grounded theory is viewed as an interpretation, data collected and analyzed are acknowledged to be constructed from shared experiences/relationships between researcher and participants

28
Q

Historical Research

A

systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences

  • relies mostly on qualitative (narrative) data, but may use statistical analysis quantitative data
  • discovering new knowledge, not summarizing old knowledge
  • data usually in form of written records, diaries, letters, newspapers, medical/legal documents, etc
  • usually interpretive – what and why it happened
29
Q

Case Studies

A

in-depth investigations of a single entity or small number of entities (ex. individual, family, institution, community, or other social unit)

  • analyze/understand issues that are important to the history/circumstances of the entity under study
  • The CASE is central (vs. phenomenon) → focus on why and individual thinks/behaves the way they did
  • detailed study over extended period of time – observe present state + past events
Strength = small number of entities
Weakness = closeness leads to bias, low objectivity, hard to be generalizable
30
Q

Narrative Analysis

A

focuses on story as the object of inquiry to understand how individuals make sense of events in their lives
-analyzing stories opens up FORMS of telling about experience (more than just content)

31
Q

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

A

do not fit into the normal categories, tend to be eclectic in their designs/methods and are based on general premises of constructivist inquiry

32
Q

Critical Theory

A

critique of society and envisioning new possibilities

  • action oriented → aim to make people aware of contradictions and disparities in their beliefs and social practices and become inspired to CHANGE them
  • enlightened self-knowledge and social/political change
    1. analyze problem
    2. triangulation/multiple perspectives
33
Q

Critical Ethnography

A

focuses on raising consciousness on the hope of effecting social change, well suited for help promotion research (enable people to take control over their own situation)

34
Q

Feminist Research

A

focus on gender domination and discrimination within patriarchal societies

  • establish relationships and conduct research that is transformative
  • seek to understand how gender and a gendered social order have shaped women’s lives and their consciousness → facilitate change to end women’s unequal social position
35
Q

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

A

recognition that the production of knowledge can be political and used to exert power

-work with vulnerable communities

Goal: produce knowledge AND action, empowerment, and consciousness-raising as well, make improvements through education and sociopolitical action

Design: facilitate collaboration and dialogue to motivate, increase self-esteem, and generate community solidarity
→interview, observation, story-telling, drawing, skits, etc (explore lives and recognize their own strengths

Research (10 decks)

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