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Psych 102 > Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Supernatural interpretations?

A

the belief that psychological problems are caused by supernatural forces (possession, curse, etc)

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2
Q

What are Hippocrates?

A

disorders resulted from the relative amount of “humors” or bodily fluids

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3
Q
  • What is a psychological disorder?
A

○ Breakdown or deficits in cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioural functioning
○ Maladaptive
○ Personal distress
Atypical or not culturally expected response

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4
Q

What is the Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM)?

A

manual used to categorize disorders
- When classified into categories it is good and bad
○ Good: researching, communication among professional, helping ppl with the disorder
Bad: behaviours and traits exist on a continuum, stigma associated with “labels”

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5
Q

What is the Mental health illness-related stigma?

A

labelling, devaluing, discrimination based on mental illness
○ Contributing factors: lack of info/understanding
○ Misinformation/stereotypes

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6
Q

What is the Clinical assessment?

A

systematic examination of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional functioning in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder

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7
Q

What is Comorbidity?

A
  • more than one psychological disorder co-occurring in an individual
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8
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress model?

A

the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role

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9
Q

What does Anxiety Disorders involve?

A
  • pervasive and persistent symptoms of anxiety and/or fear, avoidance, more than 25% will experience an anxiety disorder
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10
Q

What is a phobia?

A

○ Extreme irrational fear of a specific object or situation
○ People will go to great lengths to avoid phobic objects

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11
Q

What is Social anxiety disorder?

A

excessive fear of negative evaluation in social/performance situation
○ Markedly interferes with functioning
○ Avoids or endures with ++ distress
7% point prevalence; 13% lifetime

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12
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

○ Excessive and diffuse anxious/worry
○ Difficult to control the worry
○ May involve restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
○ Roughly 6% prevalence

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13
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

abrupt experience of intense feal/discomfort and physical symptoms (breathlessness, cheat pain)

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14
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

experience sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror (panic attacks) and fear of having more
○ 3% (12-month prevalence more common in women)
○ May include agoraphobia - fear and avoidance of situations seen as “unsafe” or from which escape might be difficult leading people to restrict their lives

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15
Q

What is major depression?

A

a disorder characterized by severe negative mood and/or anhedonia (a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities)
○ 7-8% (point); 13% (lifetime)
○ Women > men
○ Depression = risk factor for suicide

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16
Q

What is persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

a form of depression that is milder than major depression, but more chronic
2-3%

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17
Q

What are the causes of depressive disorders?

A

○ Neurobiological - role of neurotransmitters
○ Situational - life stressors
○ Cognitive - cognitive triad and learned helplessness

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18
Q

What is a manic episode?

A

an abnormally and persistently elevated, mood state

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19
Q

What is Bipolar I disorder?

A

characterized by periods of mania, usually alternating with periods of depression

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20
Q

What is Bipolar II disorder?

A

periods of hypomania (not a full episode but still difference in moods - more mild than bipolar I) alternating with periods of depression

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21
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

one of the most devastating psychological disorders; may involve disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behaviour
○ 0.5-1% prevalence

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22
Q

What are the positive sympoms of Schizophrenia?

A

○ Positive Symptoms
§ Hallucinations: experience of sensory events without environmental input; can involve any of the senses
§ Delusions: false/distorted beliefs, misrepresentations of reality
§ Disorganized speech: incoherent, difficult to follow
§ Disorganized behaviour: acting in strange or unusual ways (movement, emotionality, self-care)

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23
Q

What are the negative sympoms of Schizophrenia?

A

○ Negative symptoms: deficits in normal behaviour
§ Reduced initiation and persistence of behaviour
§ Reduced or absent speech
§ Lack of pleasure or indifference
Little expressed emotion

24
Q

What are the Schizophrenia etiologies?

A

genetics play significant role as well as dysfunctional family environment, likely resulting in neurotransmitter dysfunction and/or structural abnormalities?

25
Q

What is OCD?

A

○ Obsessions: recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts/ideas/images
§ These cause anxiety
§ Attempts to ignore/supress
○ Compulsions: acts/rituals that the person feels compelled to perform
§ 1-2%

26
Q

What is an eating disorder?

A
  • Eating disorders: Disorders characterized by disturbances in eating behaviours and related thoughts, perceptions, and emotions - strong sociocultural origins
27
Q

What is Anorexia nervosa?

A

○ Anorexia nervosa: a disorder characterized by excessive fear of gaining weight and restriction of food intake to obtain a signifcantly low body weight
§ Those who have anorexia view themselves as heavy even though they are at a significantly low weight
§ Very high morality rate (15-20%)

28
Q

What is Bulimia nervosa?

A

○ Bulimia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by the alternation of binge eating and purging (self induced vomiting)

29
Q

What is Binge eating disorder?

A

○ Binge eating disorder: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating that causes significant distress (but not purging) - many are overweight or obese

30
Q

What is PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)?

A

○ Exposure to a traumatic event
○ Re-experiencing memories, nightmares, flashbacks
○ Avoidance; emotional numbing
○ 7% lifetime prevalence

31
Q

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

A

losing memory of an event/block of time

32
Q

What is Dissociative Fugue?

A

loss of identity + travel

33
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A

Formerly multiple personality disorder - dissociation of consciousness into distinct identities - unique behaviours, voice, posture, etc

34
Q

What are the causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A

history of child abuse, mechanism to escape from the impact of trauma, thought to be related to PTSD

35
Q

What are Alters?

A

different identities or personalities

36
Q

What does host mean?

A

someone may be unaware of the existence of alters

37
Q

What does switch mean?

A

transition from one personality to another

38
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Maladaptive, inflexible, and longstanding ways of relating to the world - 10 disorders in 3 clusters

39
Q

What is Borderline Personality disorder?

A

unstable moods and relationships, impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image, self harm and suicidal gestures, high comorbidity rates

40
Q

What are the causes of Borderline Personality disorder?

A

runs in the family, early trauma and abuse seem to play a causal role

41
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A

Failure to comply with social norms, violation of the rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful, lack of empathy and remorse - 1-4%

42
Q

What are the etiological factors of antisocial personality disorder?

A

Psychosocial: families with inconsistent disciple and support
Neurobiological: numerous theories related to brain structure and function

43
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Sickness or disorder of the mid; psychological disorder

44
Q

What is etiology?

A

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

45
Q

What is the dimensional approch?

A

Evaluation that considers psychological disorders along a continuum on which ppl vary in degree rather than in kind

46
Q

What is research domain criteria (RDoC)?

A

Method that defines basic aspects of functioning and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior

47
Q

What is evidence based assessment?

A

An approch to clinical evaluation in which research guides the evaluation of psychopathology, the selection of appropriate psychological tests and neuropsychological methods and the use of critical thinking in making a diagnosis

48
Q

What is the family systems model?

A

A diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family

49
Q

What is the sociocultural model?

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

50
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral approch?

A

A dignostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

51
Q

What are internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders?

A

Internalizing: characterized by negative emotions, and they can be divided into broad categories that reflect the meotions of distress and fear
Externalizing: characterized by impulsive or out of control behaviour

52
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible

53
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A

a developmental disorder characterized by impaired communication, restricted interests, and deficits in social interaction

54
Q

What is attention - deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD?

A

A disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness and impulsivity

55
Q

What is trauma?

A

A prolonged psychological and physiological response to a distressing event often one that profoundly violates the persons beliefs about the world

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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