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Psychology Exam 1 > Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathological functioning

A

Involves disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought process that leads to personal distress or blocks ability to achieve important goals

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2
Q

moral treatment

A

a therapy that involved close contact with and careful
observation of patients

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3
Q

7 criteria for abnormal behavious

A
  1. Distress or disability (unable to function anymore).
  2. Maladaptiveness (e.g., alcoholic)
  3. Irrationality (e.g., responding to inner voices)
  4. Unpredictability (doing strange things without any reason)
  5. Unconventionality and statistical rarity (showing behaviour that deviates from everybody else)
  6. Observer discomfort (making others feel distressed)
  7. Violation of moral and ideal standards (e.g., ignoring the needs of your children).
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4
Q

Abnormal or clinical psychology

A

area of psychological investigation concerned with understanding nature of pathologies of mind, mood, and behaviour.

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5
Q

etiology

A

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

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6
Q

Anti-Psychiatry

A

The view that psychiatric treatments areoften more damaging than helpful topatients, and a movement opposingsuch treatments for almost twocenturies. It considers psychiatry aintimidating instrument of oppressiondue to an unequal power relationshipbetween doctor and patient, and ahighly subjective diagnostic process.

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7
Q

comorbidity

A

Experience of more than one disorder at same time

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8
Q

p-factor

A

psychopathology reflects a common general factor, analogous to general intelligence. Higher scores on the p factor were associated with more life impairment, such as suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, and criminal behaviors

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9
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating
event.

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10
Q

Social anxiety

A

anticipation of a public situation in which one
is observed/evaluated by others. Fear of acting in an
embarrassing way

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11
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of being in public places or open spaces
from which escaping might be difficult or embarrassing.
Related to the panic disorder

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12
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Common feature: presence of sad, empty, or
irritable mood along with bodily symptoms
and cognitive problems that interfere with
daily life

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13
Q

Suicide

A

Risk particularly high when people do not feel a sense of
connection with others and when they feel a lack of
competence

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorders (manic depression)

A

a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression & mania

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15
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a psychological disorder characterized by alterations in thoughts, in perceptions, or in consciousness, resulting in psychosis.
The term schizophrenia literally means “splitting of the
mind” (NOT split personality!).
characterized by alterations in thought, in perceptions, or in consciousness. The essence of schizophrenia is a split or disconnection from reality, known as psychosis.

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16
Q

criteria to consider whether behavior represents psychopathology

A
  1. Does the person act in a way that deviates from cultural norms for acceptable behavior?
  2. Is the behavior maladaptive?
  3. Is the behavior self-destructive?
  4. Does the behavior cause discomfort and concern to others, thus impairing a person’s social relationships?
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17
Q

Dimensional Nature of Psychopathology

A

Symptoms of psychological disorders occur along continuums. They are not absolute states. People who fall below the cutoff level may not meet the diagnostic criteria but may still experience symptoms that interfere with their lives and will therefore benefit from treatment.

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18
Q

assesment

A

In psychology, examination of a person’s cognitive, behavioral, or emotional
functioning to diagnose possible psychological disorders.

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19
Q

family systems model

A

A diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family.

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20
Q

sociocultural model

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures/economic status.

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21
Q

cognitive-behavioral approach

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.

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22
Q

Internalizing disorders

A

characterized by negative emotions, and they can be divided into
broad categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear. Examples of internalizing disorders include major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. more prevalent in women.

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23
Q

Externalizing disorders

A

characterized by impulsive or out-of-control behavior. These disorders include alcoholism, conduct disorders, and antisocial personality disorder (disinhibition). more prevalent in men

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24
Q

Neurotic

A

person does not have signs of brain abnormalities, does not display grossly irrational thinking or violate basic norms, but does experience distress (more ‘common’ psychological disorders). Term not used anymore

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25
Q

Psychotic

A

severe mental disorder, person experiences impairments in reality testing manifested through thought, emotional, or perceptual difficulties (more severe psychological diosorders). Term not used anymore

26
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

mental disorder marked by psychological arousal, feeling of tension, intense apprehension without apparent reason.

27
Q

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

anxious, worries all the time (6+ months), without specific trigger/danger

28
Q

Panic disorder

A

several severe unexpected panic attacks, as having a heart-attack. Intense fear, terror, apprehension.

29
Q

Phobias

A

(social + specific) persistent and irrational fear of specific object, activity, situation, that is excessive and unreasonable, given the reality of theat

30
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A
  • Obsessions: recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses
  • Compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals, to combat obsession
31
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A
  • Persistent reexperiencing of traumatic events
  • Causes: war, combat, crime, disaster
  • Symptoms: severe life disruption
32
Q

Mood Disorders

A

mood disturbance such as severe depression or depression alternating with mania

33
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

intense feelings of depression over an extended time, without the manic high phase of bipolar depression. More in women than men

34
Q

Personality disorders

A

longstanding maladaptive pattern of perceiving, thinking, or behaving, impairs ability to function in social and work settings.

35
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

A form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder but lasts longer.

36
Q

learned helplessness

A

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives.

37
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

A disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes and, frequently, depressive episodes as well.

38
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

A disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods.

39
Q

Positive symptoms (Schizophrenia)

A

Features that are present in schizophrenia but not in typical behavior.
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent incoherence)
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

40
Q

negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

A

characteristics missing in schizophrenia that are typically part of daily functioning. Negative symptoms can include apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement.

41
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality.

  1. Persecutory: Belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm one.
  2. Referential: Belief that objects, events, or other people have
    particular significance to one.
  3. Grandiose: Belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent.
  4. Identity: Belief that one is someone else, such as Jesus Christ
    or the president of the United States.
  5. Guilt: Belief that one has committed a terrible sin
  6. Control: Belief that one’s thoughts and behaviors are being
    controlled by external forces.
42
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source.

43
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and therefore restricting energy intake to obtain a significantly low body weight

44
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by the alternation of dieting, binge eating, and purging (self-induced vomiting).

45
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating that causes significant distress.

46
Q

tolerance (addiction)

A

Physical dependence on a drug is a physiological state
associated with tolerance, in which a person needs to consume more of a particular substance to achieve the same subjective effect.

47
Q

withdrawal (addiction)

A

Failing to ingest the substance leads to symptoms of withdrawal, a physiological and psychological state characterized by feelings of anxiety, tension, and cravings for the addictive substance. The physical symptoms of withdrawal vary widely from drug to drug and from individual to individual, but they often include nausea, chills, body aches, and tremors

48
Q

addiction

A

A behavioral disorder where use of a substance continues despite negative consequences and a desire to quit.

49
Q

protective factors (from trauma)

A

Several protective factors can buffer children from the harmful effects of early life stress, including warm, nurturing parenting and positive memories of other childhood experiences

50
Q

trauma-and stressor-related disorders

A

disorders in which a person has trouble overcoming
exposure to a highly stressful event.

51
Q

trauma

A

A prolonged psychological and physiological response to a distressing event, often one that profoundly violates the person’s beliefs about the world.

52
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma.

53
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

a person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a substantial block of time. A person with this disorder may suddenly lose memory for personal facts, including their identity and place of residence.

54
Q

dissociative fugue

A

This rare and most extreme disorder involves a loss of identity. In addition, it involves travel to another location (the French word fugue means “flight”) and sometimes the assumption of a new identity. The fugue state often ends suddenly, with the person unsure how they ended up in unfamiliar surroundings. Typically, the person does not remember events that occurred during the fugue state.

55
Q

dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder) (DID)

A

described as the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual, along with memory gaps in which the person does not recall everyday
events. Many cases of DID can be considered a specific kind of dissociative fugue where a person acts differently enough in the fugue state to seem to be a
different person. In extreme cases, individual people can manifest dozens of different personas, each with different memories, preferences, and personalities.

56
Q

dissociative disorders

A

Disorders that involve disruptions of identity, of memory, or of conscious awareness.

57
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control.

58
Q

psychopathy

A

Psychopathy is an extreme version of antisocial personality disorder that includes a willingness to hurt others for personal gain.

59
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder in which people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy.

60
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Persistent impairment in social interaction characterized by unresponsiveness; impaired language, social, and cognitive development; and restricted and repetitive behavior; begins during early childhood

61
Q

Attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A pattern of hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior that causes social or academic impairment; begins before age 12

Psychology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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