Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology Exam 1 > Chapter 12: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

social brain hypothesis

A

the size of a primate species’ standard social group is related to the volume of that species’
neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ingroups

A

Those groups to which particular people belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

outgroups

A

those groups to which particular people do not belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reciprocity

A

people treat others as others treat them (In other words, if you scratch my back, I will scratch yours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transitivity

A

people generally share their friends’ opinions of other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outgroup homogeneity effect

A

people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

social identity theory

A

people not only identify with certain groups but also value those groups and in doing so experience pride through their group membership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. (People show ingroup favoritism even when the groups are arbitrary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

minimal group paradigm

A

a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

risky-shift effect

A

Groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

group polarization

A

The process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over
time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

groupthink

A

The tendency of a group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the
group and maintaining its cohesiveness; especially likely when the group is
under intense pressure, is facing external threats, and is biased in a particular
direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

social facilitation

A

The idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Zajonc’s Model of Social Facilitation

A

According to this model, the mere presence of others leads to increased
arousal. The arousal favors the dominant response (the response most likely
to be performed in the situation). If the required response is easy or well
learned, performance is enhanced. If the required response is novel or not
well learned, performance suffers (from the presence of others).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social loafing

A

The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

deindividuation

A

A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

conformity

A

The altering of one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

normative influence

A

The tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

informational influence

A

The tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

social norms

A

Expected standards of conduct that influence behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

obedience

A

Following the orders of a person of authority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

aggresion

A

Any behavior that involves the intention to harm another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

aggresion may be caused by:

A

Sitiational factors, like heat leading to negative emotions
Biological factors, like testosterone, serotonin, MAOA gene
Social and Cultural factors, like shift in expectations and beliefs, cultures of honor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reducing Outgroup Bias:

A

Shared superordinate goals—goals that require people to cooperate—reduce hostility between groups (study by Muzafer Sherif on boys on summer camp (1961))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
prosocial behaviors
Actions that benefit others, such as doing favors or helping.
26
altruism
Providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so.
27
inclusive fitness
An explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival.
28
bystander intervention effect
The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present. Caused by: - diffusion of responsibility - social blunders - anonymity - risk and benefit for themselves
29
kin selection
According to this model, people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes. When your family members thrive, at least some of your genes survive
30
reciprocal helping
the idea of reciprocity by which one helps another because the other may return the favor in the future
31
attitudes
People’s evaluations of other people, objects, events, or ideas. Often shaped through socialization.
32
mere exposure effect
The idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it.
33
explicit attitudes
Attitudes that a person can report.
34
implicit attitudes
Attitudes that influence a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level.
35
Attitude-Behavior Consistency
In general, the stronger and more personally relevant the attitude, the more likely it is to predict behavior and remain stable in the face of challenges.
36
cognitive dissonance theory
postulates that an underlying psychological tension is created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviors.
37
persuasion
The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. Important are the source, content, and reciever.
38
elaboration likelihood model
The idea that persuasive messages lead to attitude changes in either of two ways: via the central route or via the peripheral route.
39
compliance
The tendency to agree to do things requested by others.
40
central route (for changing attitudes due to persuasive messages)
people are paying attention to the arguments, considering all the information, and using rational cognitive processes. This route leads to strong attitudes that last over time and that people actively defend.
41
peripheral route (for changing attitudes due to persuasive messages)
people minimally process the message. Attitudes developed through the peripheral route are weaker and more likely to change over time.
42
foot in the door technique (for compliance)
If people agree to a small request, they become more likely to comply with a large and undesirable request.
43
door in the face technique (for compliance)
People are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large request
44
low-balling technique (for compliance)
When you agree to buy a product for a certain price, you are likely to comply with a request to pay more for the product.
45
nonverbal behaviour
The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. aka body language
46
attributions
People’s explanations for why events or actions occur, including other peoples' behaviour
47
personal attributions
Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. aka dispositional attributions
48
sitiational attributions
Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions.
49
fundamental attribution error
In explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors.
50
actor/observer discrepancy
The tendency to focus on situations to explain one’s own behavior but to focus on dispositions to explain other people’s behavior.
51
correspondence bias
focusing on the beliefs and dispositions that correspond with a behavior while neglecting other factors
52
stereotypes
cognitive schemas in which group membership is used to organize information about people. This is done to efficiently form impressions of others within the built-in constraints on mental processing
53
subtyping
when people encounter someone who does not fit a stereotype, they put that person in a special category rather than alter the stereotype.
54
prejudice
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype.
55
discrimination
The differential treatment of people as a result of prejudice against their group.
56
modern racism
Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs.
57
stereotype threat
Fear or concern about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group, which in turn impairs performance on a task.
58
Perspective taking
actively contemplating the psychological experiences of other people
59
Reframing
taking a negative stereotype and transforming it from a weakness into a strength.
60
Self-labeling
involves embracing the very slurs used against you Taking ownership of the slur can provide a sense of power to those who are stigmatized
61
perspective giving
people share their experiences of being targets of discrimination
62
“what is beautiful is good” stereotype
The belief that attractive people are superior in most ways.
63
passionate love
A state of intense longing and desire
64
companionate love
A strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, and intimacy.

Psychology Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions