Chapter 14 - Pathogen management strategies Flashcards
what are the three categories of emerging diseases
- Diseases that have recently appeared in a population
- Diseases that have occurred previously but until recently have affected only small numbers in isolated places
- Diseases that have occurred previously but only recently have been associated with a newly identified pathogen
three examples of emerging diseases
COVID 19, ebola, AIDS
two re emerging diseases
Malaria and TB
what are three factors that are targeted to prevent and control the spread of a disease
- The mechanisms of transmission
- Environmental factors (climate)
- Characteristics of the infected population (levels of immunisation)
disease management is a coordinated response involving what
Prevention, control and treatment and is a response that is specific for each infectious disease
what are practices that prevent the spread of disease
hygiene practices, quarantine, vaccination, public health campaigns, pesticides, genetic engineering
control measures
strategies that reduce the incidence and duration of a disease
what are the six teams the WHO have response teams aimed at
- Prevention once the outbreak has happened
- Anticipation
- Early detection
- Containment
- Control
- Eradication
Epidemiologists
A scientist who studies the causes and effects of diseases at a population level, and who works to prevent or minimise the impact of diseases on the population
Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence of disease in populations
Endemic
a disease that always present in a population or region
Epidemic
An increase in the occurrence of a specific disease above the baseline level for a particular population, refers to larger more serious events than an outbreak
Pandemic
a disease that has spread rapidly throughout the world. An epidemic that has crossed international borders
what are the 5 management strategies that should be utilised before and during an outbreak
- Quarantine
- Immunisation
- Distribution of pathogen life cycles
- Medications (antibiotics, antivirals)
- Physical preventative measures
quarantine
A period of isolation undertaken by potentially infected individuals to prevent the spread of a contagious disease
biosecurity
a set of strategies that support the prevention of, response to and recovery from diseases that affect our economy, environment and health
what measures are taken to protect Australia’s agriculture and environment against disease
- inspection of all material brought into aus
- Materials and organisms displaying the impact of a disease are destroyed or quaratined
- Monitoring for vectors entering aus (eg varroa mite)
- Northern aus on high alert due to proximity to south east asia
- Any tools treated before travel
what are 5 potential carriers of disease inspected by biosecurity officers
- Seeds
- Soil
- Animals or animal products
- Bees, honey, other hive products
- Vessels and vehicles
Antibodies
Special protein that is produced by B cells (WBCS) and react with and helps make pathogens harmless
immunisation
the process of developing resistance to a specific disease
Active immunity
can be artificial (vaccination) or natural (infection)
Passive immunity
can be artificial (monoclonal antibodies) or natural (maternal antibodies)
DEFINE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
CHECK HUMAN BIO BOOK
Herd immunity
The phenomenon that once a particular proportion of a population is immune to a disease, susceptible individuals are also better protected from the specific disease
what are the seven principles of herd immunity
- A critical (high enough) proportion of the host population becomes immune to a specific
- Immunity is usually by an artificial vaccine (or gained naturally through recovery) causing the formation of specific antibodies and memory cells against a specific pathogen
- This limits the spread of the disease, because there are too few susceptible people to sustain the spread. The pathogen cannot reproduce at a high enough rate to sustain its population
- Infected hosts carrying the pathogen are more likely to come into contact with immune individuals, reducing the possibility of transmission and reducing the risk for susceptible people
- The higher proportion of immune individuals, the greater the protection
- It protects people who cannot be vaccinated
- The proportion of the population who need to be immune to create heard immunity depends on the virulence of the pathogen
What are the three factors needed for disease to spread
- A susceptible host in sufficient density
- Growth of a violent pathogen population
- Transmission
Antibiotics
an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits or destroys bacteria
what are the modes of action of antibiotics
- Inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosome)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (DNA)
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- Disruption of cell membrane function
- Blocking pathways and inhibiting metabolism (folic acid)
Antivirals
an antimicrobial chemical that inhibits the ability of viruses to replicate
what are the four various target points of antivirals
- Inhibit binding or attachment (‘entry blocking’ drugs)
- inhibit entry or penetration by blocking protein channels in the host cell membrane
- Inhibit transcription of the virus by blocking transcription factors to viral DNA
- Prevent the release of the newly assembled viruses from the cell membrane
what are the five physical preventative measures
- Handwashing
- Use filtered clean water and food
- Sanitation
- Sneeze and cough into elbow
- Barriers (masks, mozzie nets)
What are the steps involved in investigating a disease outbreak
- Confirm outbreak
- Formulate case definition
- Find cases
- Trace contact
- Identify index case
- Gather and analyse info
- Develop hypothesis
- Test hypothesis (arrow going back and forth between these two)
- Implement control measures
