Chapter 14: Mendelian Inheritance Flashcards
Self-fertilization
- the male organ and female organ are on the same plant
- male organ provides female organ with sperm cells needed to provide its own fertilization; not needed from another plant
- will end up with identical offspring, no varying traits
Cross-fertilization
- process where anther is cut off of a plant, and pollen from a different plant is transferred to them
- collect pollen from one individual and transfer it to the female organ of a flower on another plant, whose male organs have been removed
hybrids
- result from crosses in fertilization between true-breeding parents
Homozygous
Two dominant or two recessive alleles
Heterozygous
One dominant and one recessive allele
Dominant
more prevalent phenotype
In studies ALWAYS seen in F1 generation
3 to 1 in F2(3 dominant, 1 recessive expression)
recessive
less prevalent phenotype
Describe Mendel’s general experiment: What were the results?
- Takes true breeding varieties(parental generation)
If self-fertilized, the same characteristics will always appear
So Mendel Performs crosses between true-breeding parents to make hybrids(first filial generation – F1); then Mendel has Self-fertilized hybrids(second filial generation-F2)
This resulted in an F1 generation having all round seeds, and the F2 generations having round and wrinkled seeds in a 3:1 ratio
What traits were studied in the Mendel Experiment?
shape, color, shape of pod, pod color, flower color, flower and pod position, and stem length
How did Mendel’s experiment counteract previous conceptions of inheritance?
Mendel helped discover genes are not a blending inheritance of the two different parents of the offspring; they either show the trait or do not show the trait
Exceptions later on
Describe Mendel’s general experiment: What were the results?
- Makes true breeding varieties(parental generation)
If self-fertilized, the same characteristics will always appear
So Mendel Performs crosses between true-breeding parents to make hybrids(first filial generation – F1); then Mendel has Self-fertilized hybrids(second filial generation-F2)
This resulted in an F1 generation having all round seeds, and the F2 generations having round and wrinkled seeds in a 3:1 ratio
ALL OF THE CROSSES IN HIS STUDIES YIELDED A 3:1 ratio (3 dominant traits shown to the 1 recessive trait shown)
Particulate Inheritance
discrete units are inherited, not blended
Genes
sequence of nucleotides in DNA(later used to transcribe RNA of sorts)
Alleles
different versions of a gene
A singular allele would be presented as one letter
alleles are different versions of a gene (e.g. blue eyes vs brown eyes) that can be present at a gene locus (a gene’s location on a chromosome)
Example: Rr would have two alleles, an R allele and an r allele
Genotype
genetic makeup; made up of two parents producing the offspring; total sum of alleles