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Biology Test 3 > Chapter 14 - Mendel > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Mendel Flashcards

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0
Q

The mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties in genetics

A

Hybridization

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1
Q

An observable hereditary feature that may vary among individuals

A

Character

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2
Q

The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance (P stands for parental)

A

P generation

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3
Q

The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental cross

A

F1 generation

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4
Q

The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

A

F2 generation

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5
Q

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

A

Allele

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6
Q

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote, determines the organism’s appearance

A

Dominant allele

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7
Q

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

A

Recessive allele

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8
Q

Mendel’s first law, states 2 alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation

A

Law of Segregation

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9
Q

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype

A

Punnett square

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10
Q

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

A

Homozygous

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11
Q

Having two different alleles for a given gene

A

Heterozygous

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12
Q

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup

A

Phenotype

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13
Q

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

A

Genotype

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14
Q

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype; the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype

A

Testcross

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15
Q

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest; all offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are this; for example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a genotype Aa

A

Monohybrids

16
Q

A cross between 2 organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).

A

Monohybrid cross

17
Q

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to 2 genes of interest; all the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are this; for example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a genotype AaBb.

A

Dihybrids

18
Q

A cross between 2 organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters)

A

Dihybrid cross

19
Q

Mendel’s 2nd law, states each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for 2 characters are located on different pairs of homologs or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes

A

Law of Independent Assortment

20
Q

A rule of probability stating that the probability of 2 or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

A

Multiplication rule

21
Q

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities

A

Addition rule

22
Q

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

A

Complete dominance

23
Q

The situation in which the phenotypes of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotype of individuals homozygous for either allele

A

Incomplete dominance

24
Q

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

A

Codominance

25
Q

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain; seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental skills usually manifest a few months after birth, followed by death in a few years

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

26
Q

Ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

A

Pleiotropy

27
Q

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

A

Epistasis

28
Q

Heritable features that vary continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

A

Quantitative characters

29
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

A

Polygenic inheritance

30
Q

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

A

Pedigree

31
Q

An individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is usually phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to the offspring

A

Carriers

32
Q

A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated

A

Cystic Fibrosis

33
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing RBC shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals

A

Sickle-Cell Disease

34
Q

A human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10-20 years after onset of symptoms

A

Huntington’s Disease

35
Q

A technique used for prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained from aspiration of a needle inserted into the uterus; fluid is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus

A

Amniocentesis

36
Q

Technique for prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Biology Test 3 (7 decks)

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