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Microeconomics > Chapter 14: Market structure: monopoly > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Market structure: monopoly Flashcards

1
Q

Define monopoly

A

A form of market structure in which there is only one seller of a good or service

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2
Q

Define price maker

A

A firm that is able to choose the selling price for its good or service, as it faces a downward-sloping demand curve

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3
Q

Define dynamic efficiency

A

A view of efficiency that takes into account the effect of innovation and technical progress on productive and allocative efficiency in the long-run

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4
Q

Define natural monopoly

A

A monopoly that arises in an industry in which there are such substantial economies of scale that only one firm is viable

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5
Q

Define nationalization

A

Where a privately owned firm or industry is taken into public ownership

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6
Q

Define privatization

A

Where an enterprise in public ownership us returned to private ownership

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7
Q

Define regulatory capture

A

A situation in which the regulator of an industry comes to represent the industry’s interest rather than regulating it

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8
Q

Define first-degree price discrimination

A

Situation arising in a market whereby a monopoly firm is able to charge each consumer a different price

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9
Q

Define third-degree price discrimination

A

Situation in which a firm is able to charge groups of consumers a different price for the same product

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10
Q

Define arbitrage

A

A process by which prices in two market segments will be equalised by a process of purchase and resale by market participants

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11
Q

Name 4 characteristics of a monopoly

A
  1. One firm only in the industry
  2. High barriers to entry
  3. Profit maximisation in SR and LR
  4. No substitutes
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12
Q

Name 3 sources of monopoly power

A
  1. Barriers to entry
  2. Uniqueness of product
  3. Lack of near competitors
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13
Q

Name 7 barriers to entry

A
  1. Legislation
  2. Limit pricing
  3. Control over outlets
  4. Natural cost advantage
  5. High sunk costs
  6. Brand loyalty
  7. Economies of scale
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14
Q

Draw a monopoly diagram

A

Diagram sheet

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15
Q

Name 4 interpretations of a natural monopoly

A
  1. Occurs when one large business can supply the entire market at a lower price than two or more smaller ones
  2. Natural monopoly when there can’t be more than one efficient provider of a good. Hence, competition might increase costs and prices
  3. Industry where MES is a large share of market demand such that there’s only room for one firm to fully exploit all available EOS
  4. Industry where LRAC curve falls continuously as output expands
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16
Q

Name 6 examples of natural monopolies

A
  1. Severn trent
  2. Transport for London
  3. National grid
  4. Royal mail
  5. BT
  6. Camelot
17
Q

Draw a natural monopoly diagram

A

Diagram sheet

18
Q

Name 3 reasons why a natural monopoly raises difficult decisions for competition policy

A
  1. It’s more productively and allocatively efficient for there to be only one provider in a natural monopoly
  2. Abnormal profits tend to be made but are required to be reinvested to maintain and improve networks
  3. Due to the barriers to entry firms may be tempted to exploit their market power and increase prices which would damage consumer welfare
19
Q

Name 4 options for competition policy

A
  1. Nationalisation
  2. Price controls by regulators
  3. Introduce competition
  4. Fines for anticompetitive behaviour
20
Q

Explain why monopolies are not allocatively efficient

A
  1. prices are higher than in competitive markets
  2. Leads to a loss of allocative efficiency because price is greater - the firm is turning consumer surplus into producer surplus
  3. Regressive on lower income households
21
Q

Why is it not productively efficient

A

Due to the absence of genuine market competition

22
Q

Is a monopoly x-efficient

A

No

23
Q

What may higher prices limit

A

Final market output meaning that fewer economies of scale will be achieved

24
Q

What may protective market mean?

A

There’s less incentive for research and development

25
Q

Why may monopolies abuse their dominant market position?

A

To stifle competition

26
Q

How may monopolies stifle competition?

A

Limit pricing

27
Q

If monopolies get too big what may it lead to?

A

Diseconomies of scale

28
Q

What does price discrimination give a supplier greater control over? (4)

A
  1. Profit maximisation
  2. More revenue
  3. Want to fill spare capacity
  4. Improves cash flow
29
Q

What 3 conditions must be met for price discrimination

A
  1. The firm must have some market power
  2. Ability to segment customers with differences in price elasticity of demand
  3. Barriers to prevent consumers from switching suppliers
30
Q

Name 4 methods of price discrimination

A
  1. Time
  2. Branding
  3. Geography
  4. Customer type
31
Q

Name 3 advantages of price discrimination

A
  1. Firms will be able to increase revenue. This will enable some firms to stay in business who otherwise would have made a loss
  2. If they make abnormal profits they can reinvest into R and D which will help everyone
  3. Some consumers will benefit from lower prices
32
Q

Name 5 disadvantages of price discrimination

A
  1. Some customers will end up paying high prices and these prices are likely to be allocatively inefficient
  2. Decline in consumer surplus
  3. Those who pay higher prices may not be the richest
  4. There may be administrative costs in separating the markets
  5. Profits from price discrimination may be used to finance limit or predatory pricing
33
Q

Name 10 examples of price discrimination

A
  1. Time of purchase
  2. Airline travel and time of departure
  3. Quantity purchased
  4. Coupons
  5. Age discounts
  6. Mans tested student fees
  7. Resident parking charges
  8. Dutch auction for car registration plates
  9. Loyalty cards
  10. choosing your seat early

Microeconomics (18 decks)

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