Chapter 14: Infection, Diseases, & Epidemiology

Question 1

What is the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted?

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

What is the role of epidemiology?

Answer 2

To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens

Question 3

What is formites?

Answer 3

Objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture

Question 4

A fly carrying a disease from fecal matter to food is considered what kind of transmission?

Answer 4

Vector transmission

Question 5

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is consider what kind of transmission?

Answer 5

Contact Transmission

Question 6

What are the three major categories of transmission disease?

Answer 6

Contact, Vehicle, and Vector transmission

Question 7

What transmission is spread by pathogens by direct contact, indirect contact or droplet’s. Touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse. Can be spread from a pregnant woman to fetus. Speaking coughing sneezing?

Answer 7

Contact Transmission

Question 8

What transmission is spread through the air, water, food, and blood handled outside of the body? Can spread via area traveling more than 1 meter.

Answer 8

Vehicle Transmission

Question 9

What transmission can transmit disease from one host to another? This transmission is used to describe insects.

Answer 9

Vector Transmission

Question 10

What are Endotoxins known as?

Answer 10

Lipid A

Question 11

When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?

Answer 11

When the cell dies or during cell division

Question 12

Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?

1. Pain
2. Weakness
3. Nausea
4. Fever

Answer 12

Fever

Question 13

Why is the release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?

Answer 13

It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock

Question 14

What are endotoxins apart of?

Answer 14

The outer membrane of the gram negative bacteria cell wall

Question 15

What is an endotoxin?

Answer 15

A toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell

Question 16

What are Endotoxins also known as?

Answer 16

Lipopolysaccharides

Question 17

What are leukocidins?

Answer 17

Molecules that are capable of destroying phagocytes

Question 18

Measles viruses are capable of inactivating host defenses by doing what?

Answer 18

Suppressing the immune system

Question 19

What are Meningitis and gonorrhea caused by?

Answer 19

Neisseria species

Question 20

What are Neisseria species?

Answer 20

Gram negative bacteria

Question 21

Where is Neisseria found?

Answer 21

Found primarily in the upper respiratory tract of humans and animals

Question 22

How can capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system?

Answer 22

Capsules block the complement hiding sites on the surface of the pathogen

Question 23

Certain traits that allow pathogens to create infection and cause disease are termed?

Answer 23

Virulence factors

Question 24

Which enzymes break dow the “glue” that holds cells together?

Answer 24

Hyalurondiase

Question 25

Which virulence factors would be found in Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 25

Staphylokinase

Question 26

How do fibrinolysins enhance a pathogens virulence?

Answer 26

They break down fibrin proteins that are involved in a clot formation, allowing the cells to penetrate deep into damaged skin

Question 27

What is staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 27

Is a gram positive bacteria that causes staph infections

Question 28

Where are staph infections commonly found?

Answer 28

On skin or in the nose

Question 29

What is Fibrinolysis?

Answer 29

A process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic

Question 30

What are Fibrinolysins?

Answer 30

Proteolytic enzymes that promote the dissolution of blood clots