Chapter 14: Eyes Flashcards
What does the red reflex show?
refers to the reddish-orange reflection of light from the back of the eye, or fundus, observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope.
Why do doctors give erythromycin to babies prophylactically?
To prevent blindness that can be due to an STD that the mother has
Xanthelasma (common in aging adults)
Yellow deposits in eyes
Pingueculae (common in aging adults)
Yellow nodules
Pterygium (common in aging adults)
Goes towards cornea, white tissue part of eye spreads
Presbyopia (common in aging adults)
Presbyopia is the normal loss of near focusing ability
Arcus Senilis (common in aging adults)
Greyish color around pupil of eyes
4 common causes of blindness in the aging adult
-Cataracts (cloudy lens: image bottom right)
-Glaucoma: blocked drainage of aqueous solution (left) causes pressure and blindness
-Age-related Macular degeneration
Black, blurry spot in vision
Needed for central vision
-Diabetic retinopathy
Abnormal blood vessels and hemorrhages
What are the two type of glaucoma?
Types: Open angled, close angled
Open: blockage at trabecular meshwork
Closed: anterior chamber angle closure
What is the visual acuity (snellen chart)?
20/20 is considered “normal” (keep glasses on if you wear them)
20/40 - Bottom number is what normal person can see at 40 ft but you can see at 20 ft
How far away do you read a book during a near vision test?
14 inches
How do you test visual fields?
Confrontation test (cover one eye, tester cover the opposite eye then you wiggle finger tips from periphery)
Corneal Light Reflex
(Hirschberg test): light hits same spot on cornea
Extraocular muscle reflex
Whats the Diagnostic positions test?
(six cardinal positions of gaze): make sure eyes muscles are A1 (nervous system, cranial nerve 3,4,6 also checked) there not should be any nystagmus
What is the PERRL test
Pupils Equal Round and Reactive to Light
Consensual response
Esotropia
One eye turns inwards
Exotropia
One eye turns outwards
Hypertropia
one eye turns upward
Hypotropia
One eye turns downwards
Strabismus (two kinds)
disparity of the eye axis
Esotropia: inward turning of eyes
Exotropia: outward turning of the eyes
Cover test purpose
Check the occular muscles to see if the uncovered eye jumps to fixate
Phoria
mild weakness, apparent with cover twest and less likely to cause amblyopia than a tropia
Esophoria
Nasal inward
Exotropia
Temporal shift
Preorbital Edema
Swelling around the eyes
If someone has renal issues you can see it or water retention
Exopthalmus/Enopthalmus
Means protruding eyes
- Exophthalmos usually seen in patients with thyroid issues
- Enophthalmos usually due to aging
Ptosis
drooping or falling of upper eyelid
-Can be due to stroke, cranial nerve damage
Enopthalmus
sunken eyes occurring with dehydration or loss of fat
Upward Palpebral Slants indication
Down syndrome
Ectropion
droopy lower lid turned outward
Entropion
eyelid turned inward
Hordeolum
Stye, pus filled staphylococcal infection
Basal Cell Carcinoma
lower eyelid mainly, small painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp, rolles, and pearly edges
Blepharitis
eyelid inflammation
Chalazion
infection or retention cyst of meibomian gland , if chronic, non tender if acute, tender
Dacrocystitis
inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Anisocoria
Unequal Pupil Size
Miosis
is excessive constriction of the pupil (small pupil)
Madriasis
Large pupils
Cranial Nerve III Damage
Oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve palsy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a branch thereof. As the name suggests, the oculomotor nerve supplies the majority of the muscles controlling eye movements.
Horners Syndrome, what is it and what happens?
a combination of signs and symptoms caused by the disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body.
Results: Decreased pupil size, a drooping eyelid and decreased sweating on the affected side of your face.
Conjunctivitis (3 kinds)
Inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eyeball and the inner eyelid.
- Bacterial conjunctivitis: yellow/green discharge, spread through direct eye contact only
- Viral conjunctivitis: associated with “Pink eye”, red/itchy/watery, contagious
- Allergic conjunctivitis: accompanied by nasal congestion, sneezing and eyelid swelling and sensitivity to light, both eyes affected, not contagious, looks like viral conjunctivitis
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
A bright red patch appearing in the white of the eye beneath the clear lining of the eye (conjunctiva).
Acute Glaucoma
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is caused by a rapid or sudden increase in pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure
Myopia
Nearsighted
Hyperopia
Farsighted
Emmetropia
Normal
