Chapter 14: Eyes

Question 1

What does the red reflex show?

Answer 1

refers to the reddish-orange reflection of light from the back of the eye, or fundus, observed when using an ophthalmoscope or retinoscope.

Question 2

Why do doctors give erythromycin to babies prophylactically?

Answer 2

To prevent blindness that can be due to an STD that the mother has

Question 3

Xanthelasma (common in aging adults)

Answer 3

Yellow deposits in eyes

Question 4

Pingueculae (common in aging adults)

Answer 4

Yellow nodules

Question 5

Pterygium (common in aging adults)

Answer 5

Goes towards cornea, white tissue part of eye spreads

Question 6

Presbyopia (common in aging adults)

Answer 6

Presbyopia is the normal loss of near focusing ability

Question 7

Arcus Senilis (common in aging adults)

Answer 7

Greyish color around pupil of eyes

Question 8

4 common causes of blindness in the aging adult

Answer 8

-Cataracts (cloudy lens: image bottom right)
-Glaucoma: blocked drainage of aqueous solution (left) causes pressure and blindness
-Age-related Macular degeneration
Black, blurry spot in vision
Needed for central vision
-Diabetic retinopathy
Abnormal blood vessels and hemorrhages

Question 9

What are the two type of glaucoma?

Answer 9

Types: Open angled, close angled
Open: blockage at trabecular meshwork
Closed: anterior chamber angle closure

Question 10

What is the visual acuity (snellen chart)?

Answer 10

20/20 is considered “normal” (keep glasses on if you wear them)
20/40 - Bottom number is what normal person can see at 40 ft but you can see at 20 ft

Question 11

How far away do you read a book during a near vision test?

Answer 11

14 inches

Question 12

How do you test visual fields?

Answer 12

Confrontation test (cover one eye, tester cover the opposite eye then you wiggle finger tips from periphery)

Question 13

Corneal Light Reflex

Answer 13

(Hirschberg test): light hits same spot on cornea

Extraocular muscle reflex

Question 14

Whats the Diagnostic positions test?

Answer 14

(six cardinal positions of gaze): make sure eyes muscles are A1 (nervous system, cranial nerve 3,4,6 also checked) there not should be any nystagmus

Question 15

What is the PERRL test

Answer 15

Pupils Equal Round and Reactive to Light

Consensual response

Question 16

Esotropia

Answer 16

One eye turns inwards

Question 17

Exotropia

Answer 17

One eye turns outwards

Question 18

Hypertropia

Answer 18

one eye turns upward

Question 19

Hypotropia

Answer 19

One eye turns downwards

Question 20

Strabismus (two kinds)

Answer 20

disparity of the eye axis
Esotropia: inward turning of eyes
Exotropia: outward turning of the eyes

Question 21

Cover test purpose

Answer 21

Check the occular muscles to see if the uncovered eye jumps to fixate

Question 22

Phoria

Answer 22

mild weakness, apparent with cover twest and less likely to cause amblyopia than a tropia

Question 23

Esophoria

Answer 23

Nasal inward

Question 24

Exotropia

Answer 24

Temporal shift

Question 25

Preorbital Edema

Answer 25

Swelling around the eyes

If someone has renal issues you can see it or water retention

Question 26

Exopthalmus/Enopthalmus

Answer 26

Means protruding eyes

• Exophthalmos usually seen in patients with thyroid issues
• Enophthalmos usually due to aging

Question 27

Ptosis

Answer 27

drooping or falling of upper eyelid

-Can be due to stroke, cranial nerve damage

Question 28

Enopthalmus

Answer 28

sunken eyes occurring with dehydration or loss of fat

Question 29

Upward Palpebral Slants indication

Answer 29

Down syndrome

Question 30

Ectropion

Answer 30

droopy lower lid turned outward

Question 31

Entropion

Answer 31

eyelid turned inward

Question 32

Hordeolum

Answer 32

Stye, pus filled staphylococcal infection

Question 33

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 33

lower eyelid mainly, small painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp, rolles, and pearly edges

Question 34

Blepharitis

Answer 34

eyelid inflammation

Question 35

Chalazion

Answer 35

infection or retention cyst of meibomian gland , if chronic, non tender if acute, tender

Question 36

Dacrocystitis

Answer 36

inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Question 37

Anisocoria

Answer 37

Unequal Pupil Size

Question 38

Miosis

Answer 38

is excessive constriction of the pupil (small pupil)

Question 39

Madriasis

Answer 39

Large pupils

Question 40

Cranial Nerve III Damage

Answer 40

Oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve palsy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a branch thereof. As the name suggests, the oculomotor nerve supplies the majority of the muscles controlling eye movements.

Question 41

Horners Syndrome, what is it and what happens?

Answer 41

a combination of signs and symptoms caused by the disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body.
Results: Decreased pupil size, a drooping eyelid and decreased sweating on the affected side of your face.

Question 42

Conjunctivitis (3 kinds)

Answer 42

Inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eyeball and the inner eyelid.

• Bacterial conjunctivitis: yellow/green discharge, spread through direct eye contact only
• Viral conjunctivitis: associated with “Pink eye”, red/itchy/watery, contagious
• Allergic conjunctivitis: accompanied by nasal congestion, sneezing and eyelid swelling and sensitivity to light, both eyes affected, not contagious, looks like viral conjunctivitis

Question 43

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

Answer 43

A bright red patch appearing in the white of the eye beneath the clear lining of the eye (conjunctiva).

Question 44

Acute Glaucoma

Answer 44

Acute angle-closure glaucoma is caused by a rapid or sudden increase in pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure

Question 45

Myopia

Answer 45

Nearsighted

Question 46

Hyperopia

Answer 46

Farsighted

Question 47

Emmetropia

Answer 47

Normal