Chapter 14: Disorders in Immunity

Question 1

what does it mean to be hypersensitive?

Answer 1

the body may have an over-exaggerated immune response

Question 2

what is an allergen?

Answer 2

antigen that causes an over-reactive immune response
(great example is dust!)

Question 3

understand the different allergen portals of entry:

Answer 3

-inhalants
-ingestants
-injectants
-contactants

Question 4

what are inhalants?

Answer 4

airborne environmental allergens
(ex: pollen, house dust, dander, fungal spores)

Question 5

what are ingestants?

Answer 5

allergens that causes food allegies
(ex: peanuts)

Question 6

what are injectants?

Answer 6

allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee venom)

Question 7

what are contactants?

Answer 7

allergies that enter through the skin

Question 8

what is anaphylaxis?

Answer 8

a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction occurring shortly after (seconds to mins) exposure to allergen

Question 9

what are some signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Answer 9

-loss of consciousness
-severe shortness of breath
-lightheadedness
-vomit
-decrease in BP
-skin rash
-rapid, weak pulse

Question 10

explain what localized anaphylaxis is:

Answer 10

-reactions include in sneezing, tears, watery eyes, rash/hives, breathing
-symptoms depend on the route of allergen
-if enters bloodstream, it can cause widespread of symptoms

Question 11

explain what systemic anaphylaxis is:

Answer 11

-results from massive release of mast cells granules in short time
-can lead to anaphylactic shock
-damage to various organs…sometimes fatal

Question 12

what is the basic understanding of the hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 12

our immune system has been trained to work…children exposure to germs and infections help the immune system develop

Question 13

what immunoglobulin is involved with breast feeding?

Answer 13

IgA

Question 14

TRUE or FALSE: newborns breastfed for 4 months are at a decreased risk of asthma and eczema?

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

what is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

Answer 15

Immediate Hypersensitivity
(think your common allergy)

Question 16

what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 1 sensitivity?

Answer 16

IgE (allergies)

Question 17

what is Type 1 sensitivity triggered by?

Answer 17

interaction between allergen and IgE

Question 18

what are some symptoms of type 1 sensitivity?

Answer 18

runny/itchy nose, labored breathing

Question 19

what are some causes of Type 1 sensitivity?

Answer 19

allergic rhinitis (hayfaver)
allergic conjunctivitis
allergic asthma

Question 20

what are some treatments?

Answer 20

antihistamine, de-sensitization, epi-pen, anti-IgE therapy

Question 21

what is an allergy match?

Answer 21

individuals experience different Type 1 hypersensitivities (from infant into adulthood)

Question 22

what is Type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 22

antibody mediated immune-response
ex: blood transfusions and Hemolytic disease of the newborn!

Question 23

what immunoglobulin is associated with type 2 sensitivity?

Answer 23

IgM (active in blood agglutination) or IgG (found in blood plasma)

Question 24

what triggers type 2 senstivity?

Answer 24

IgM or IgG binds to antigen leading to cell death

Question 25

understand the different blood types and their Ag-Ab complexs:

Answer 25

Type A has A ag and B ab
Type B has B ag and A ab
Type AB has A&B ag and no ab
Type O has no ag but A and B ab

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE: Type O blood type is a universal donor (can donate to anyone)

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

TRUE or FALSE: Type AB+ blood type is a universal recipient (can receive blood from everyone)

Answer 27

TRUE!

Question 28

what is Type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 28

immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

Question 29

what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 3 hypersesitivity?

Answer 29

IgG (immune response) and IgM (activates Complement Cascade)

Question 30

what triggers Type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 30

-when an Ab combines with its specific Ag
-in presence of large amounts of Ag, immune complexes form…not removed effective

Question 31

what are the major forms of immune complex-mediated hypersensitvity?

Answer 31

-local immune complex disease (formed in the tissues/skin…inflamed blood vessels)
-systemic immune complex reaction (circulate in blood and settles in tissues/organs)

Question 32

what are some examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 32

Lupus
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Drug Induced Serum Sickness
Farmer’s Lung
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 33

what is Type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 33

delayed hypersensitivity (due to a delayed in a reaction to Ag)

Question 34

what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 34

T cells (kill cells and are also immune helpers)

Question 35

what triggers Type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 35

-contact after sensitization with simple chemicals (nickel,formaldehyde), plant material (poison ivy), some soaps/cosmetics

Question 36

how are T cells important in grafts?

Answer 36

When a donor tissue (graft) displays surface molecules of a different MHC class, the T cells of the recipient will react to it as a foreign substance…causes a reject

Question 37

what are the classes of grafts?

Answer 37

-autografts: tissue transplanted from one site of person’s body to another
-isografts: tissue from identical twin
-allograft (most common): exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species
-xenograft: tissue exchange between individuals of a different species

Question 38

what is autoimmunity?

Answer 38

individuals actually develop hypersensitivity to themselves

Question 39

examples of autoimmune diseases:

Answer 39

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves’ disease, Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis