Chapter 14: Disorders in Immunity Flashcards
what does it mean to be hypersensitive?
the body may have an over-exaggerated immune response
what is an allergen?
antigen that causes an over-reactive immune response
(great example is dust!)
understand the different allergen portals of entry:
-inhalants
-ingestants
-injectants
-contactants
what are inhalants?
airborne environmental allergens
(ex: pollen, house dust, dander, fungal spores)
what are ingestants?
allergens that causes food allegies
(ex: peanuts)
what are injectants?
allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee venom)
what are contactants?
allergies that enter through the skin
what is anaphylaxis?
a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction occurring shortly after (seconds to mins) exposure to allergen
what are some signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
-loss of consciousness
-severe shortness of breath
-lightheadedness
-vomit
-decrease in BP
-skin rash
-rapid, weak pulse
explain what localized anaphylaxis is:
-reactions include in sneezing, tears, watery eyes, rash/hives, breathing
-symptoms depend on the route of allergen
-if enters bloodstream, it can cause widespread of symptoms
explain what systemic anaphylaxis is:
-results from massive release of mast cells granules in short time
-can lead to anaphylactic shock
-damage to various organs…sometimes fatal
what is the basic understanding of the hygiene hypothesis?
our immune system has been trained to work…children exposure to germs and infections help the immune system develop
what immunoglobulin is involved with breast feeding?
IgA
TRUE or FALSE: newborns breastfed for 4 months are at a decreased risk of asthma and eczema?
TRUE
what is Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
Immediate Hypersensitivity
(think your common allergy)
what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 1 sensitivity?
IgE (allergies)
what is Type 1 sensitivity triggered by?
interaction between allergen and IgE
what are some symptoms of type 1 sensitivity?
runny/itchy nose, labored breathing
what are some causes of Type 1 sensitivity?
allergic rhinitis (hayfaver)
allergic conjunctivitis
allergic asthma
what are some treatments?
antihistamine, de-sensitization, epi-pen, anti-IgE therapy
what is an allergy match?
individuals experience different Type 1 hypersensitivities (from infant into adulthood)
what is Type 2 hypersensitivity?
antibody mediated immune-response
ex: blood transfusions and Hemolytic disease of the newborn!
what immunoglobulin is associated with type 2 sensitivity?
IgM (active in blood agglutination) or IgG (found in blood plasma)
what triggers type 2 senstivity?
IgM or IgG binds to antigen leading to cell death
understand the different blood types and their Ag-Ab complexs:
Type A has A ag and B ab
Type B has B ag and A ab
Type AB has A&B ag and no ab
Type O has no ag but A and B ab
TRUE or FALSE: Type O blood type is a universal donor (can donate to anyone)
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Type AB+ blood type is a universal recipient (can receive blood from everyone)
TRUE!
what is Type 3 hypersensitivity?
immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 3 hypersesitivity?
IgG (immune response) and IgM (activates Complement Cascade)
what triggers Type 3 hypersensitivity?
-when an Ab combines with its specific Ag
-in presence of large amounts of Ag, immune complexes form…not removed effective
what are the major forms of immune complex-mediated hypersensitvity?
-local immune complex disease (formed in the tissues/skin…inflamed blood vessels)
-systemic immune complex reaction (circulate in blood and settles in tissues/organs)
what are some examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity?
Lupus
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Drug Induced Serum Sickness
Farmer’s Lung
Rheumatoid arthritis
what is Type 4 hypersensitivity?
delayed hypersensitivity (due to a delayed in a reaction to Ag)
what immunoglobulin is associated with Type 4 hypersensitivity?
T cells (kill cells and are also immune helpers)
what triggers Type 4 hypersensitivity?
-contact after sensitization with simple chemicals (nickel,formaldehyde), plant material (poison ivy), some soaps/cosmetics
how are T cells important in grafts?
When a donor tissue (graft) displays surface molecules of a different MHC class, the T cells of the recipient will react to it as a foreign substance…causes a reject
what are the classes of grafts?
-autografts: tissue transplanted from one site of person’s body to another
-isografts: tissue from identical twin
-allograft (most common): exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species
-xenograft: tissue exchange between individuals of a different species
what is autoimmunity?
individuals actually develop hypersensitivity to themselves
examples of autoimmune diseases:
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves’ disease, Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis
