Chapter 14 - Building the Crust with Rocks

Question 1

minerals

Answer 1

naturally occurring, crystalline, solid chemical elements or compounds with a uniform chemical composition

Question 2

rock

Answer 2

a solid mass composed of one or more types of minerals

Question 3

crystallization

Answer 3

occurs when atoms or molecules come together in an orderly patterned structure called a crystal

Question 4

sediments

Answer 4

accumulations of small fragments of rock and organic material that are not cemented together

Question 5

outcrops

Answer 5

exposed areas of bedrock

Question 6

igneous rocks

Answer 6

rocks that form when magma or lava cools

Question 7

sedimentary rocks

Answer 7

rocks that form through cementation and compaction of sediments

Question 8

metamorphic rocks

Answer 8

rocks that form when heat and pressure are applied to preexisting rocks

Question 9

rock cycle

Answer 9

a conceptual model that describes the formation and transformation of rocks in the crust

Question 10

lithification

Answer 10

sediment fragments that transform into rocks through cementation and compaction

Question 11

cementation

Answer 11

a process in which minerals, such as calcite, fill the spaces between sediment particles and bind them together to form sedimentary rocks

Question 12

extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 12

rocks that cool from lava on the crust’s surface; also called volcanic rock

Question 13

intrusive igneous rock

Answer 13

rocks that form as magma deep underground cools and solidifies; also called magmatic rock

Question 14

batholoith

Answer 14

a dome-shaped body of intrusive igneous rocks hundreds of kilometers in extent, formed by the movement and fusion of numerous plutons

Question 15

pluton

Answer 15

a dome-shaped body of intrusive igneous rocks typically only a few kilometers in diameter that are chemically distinct from neighboring ones

Question 16

sill

Answer 16

a horizontal sheet of igneous rock that has cooled from magma injected between layers of preexisting rock

Question 17

dike

Answer 17

a vertical sheet of igneous rock that has cooled from magma injected between layers of preexisting rock

Question 18

laccolith

Answer 18

a shallow, dome-shaped igneous rock body

Question 19

exhumation

Answer 19

the removal of overlying rock and sediment at the surface that exposes deeper rocks

Question 20

clastic sedimentary rock

Answer 20

composed of broken pieces of other rocks, with the size of those pieces determining the kind of that forms

Question 21

organic sedimentary rock

Answer 21

composed of mostly organic material derived from ancient organisms or their shells

Question 22

chemical sedimentary rock

Answer 22

forms as dissolved minerals precipitate out and as water evaporates from sedimentary deposits

Question 23

shale

Answer 23

a classic sedimentary rock formed from clay-sized particles that makes up 45% of all sedimentary rocks

Question 24

sandstone

Answer 24

a classic sedimentary rock composed chiefly of quartz sand grains and makes up 32% of all sedimentary rocks

Question 25

limestone

Answer 25

a chemical or organic sedimentary rock composed of at least 50% calcite and makes up 22% of all sedimentary rocks

Question 26

coal

Answer 26

the most valuable sedimentary rock; an organic rock that is formed from the remains of terrestrial wetland forests

Question 27

peat

Answer 27

a brownish-black, heavy soil found in wetlands made up of the partially decomposed remains of plants

Question 28

evaporite

Answer 28

a deposit of one or more minerals resulting from repeated evaporation of water from a basin

Question 29

fossils

Answer 29

the remains or impressions of organisms preserved in sedimentary rock

Question 30

protolith

Answer 30

the parent, or original, rock