Chapter 14 brain control of movement

Question 1

Lateral Pathway

Answer 1

Axons in the lateral column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of voluntary movements of the distal musculature and are under direct cortical control.

Question 2

Ventromedial Pathway

Answer 2

Axons in the ventromedial column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control.

Question 3

Corticospinal tract

Answer 3

Neocortex (motor cortex) > cerebral peduncle > medulla > pyramidal decussation > dorsal spinal cord

Question 4

Motor Cortex

Answer 4

Cortical areas 4 and 6, which are directly involved in the control of voluntary movement.

Question 5

Vestibulospinal Tract

Answer 5

A tract originating in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of movement and posture.

Question 6

Tectospinal Tract

Answer 6

A tract originating in the superior colliculus and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of head and neck movement.

Question 7

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

Answer 7

Brodmann’s area 4, located on the precentral gyrus; the region of cortex that, when weakly stimulated, elicits localized muscle contractions; also called M1.

Question 8

Premotor Area (PMA)

Answer 8

The lateral part of cortical area 6, involved in the control of voluntary movement of the proximal muscles.

Question 9

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

Answer 9

The medial part of cortical area 6; involved in the control of voluntary movement of the distal muscles.

Question 10

Basal Ganglia

Answer 10

A collection of associated cell groups in the basal forebrain, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamus.

Question 11

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 11

A movement disorder caused by damage to the substantia nigra, characterized by paucity of movement, difficulty in initiating willed movement, and resting tremor.

Question 12

Motor Control Hierarchy: high level

Answer 12

strategy

association areas of the neocortex, basal ganglia

Question 13

Motor Control Hierarchy: middle level

Answer 13

Tactics

Motor cortex, cerebellum

Question 14

Motor Control Hierarchy: low level

Answer 14

execution

brain stem, spinal cord

Question 15

Huntington’s disease

Answer 15

loss of neurons in the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

loss of inhibitory input to VL of thalamus = more movement

Question 16

Hypokinesia

Answer 16

paucity (scarcity) of movement

Question 17

Bradykinesia

Answer 17

slowness of movement

Question 18

akinesia

Answer 18

trouble initiating willed movements

Question 19

hyperkinesia

Answer 19

more movement

Question 20

diskinesia

Answer 20

abnormal movement

Question 21

chorea

Answer 21

dancelike movement

Question 22

Cerebellum

Answer 22

10% volume of the brain, 50% of the neurons
precise timing of muscle contractions
refines movement
coordinates planned, voluntary sequences of movements
coordinates multi-joint movement

Question 23

dismetria

Answer 23

abnormal timing

Question 24

disdiadokinesia

Answer 24

decomposition of movement

Question 25

disrhythmia

Answer 25

abnormal rhythm to movement

Question 26

ataxia

Answer 26

lack of coordination