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A&P2 > Chapter 14 (BLOOD) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (BLOOD) Flashcards

1
Q

Only type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix (plasma). Transports vital substances regulates processes of homeostasis and distributes heat

A

Blood

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2
Q

What is the amount of blood in the adult body for male and female?

A

Male 5 to 6 L
Female 4 to 5 L
5 L on average for both

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3
Q

Three main types of blood cells

A

Red blood cells - RBCs
White blood cells - WBCs
Platelets (cell fragments)

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4
Q

Blood cell that carries oxygen

A

Red blood cells - RBCs

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5
Q

Blood cells involved in immunity

A

White blood cells - WBCs

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6
Q

Clear fluid matrix of blood. About 55% of blood volume. Found in top of centrifuge tube after spinning.

A

Plasma

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7
Q

Found in bottom portion of centrifuge tube after spinning. Makes up 35 to 46% in females and 40 to 54% in males.

A

Red blood cells - RBCs

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8
Q

Percentage of red blood cells RBCs is called what?

A

Hematocrit HCT

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9
Q

Makes up less than one percent of blood volume. Found in puffy coat in the middle of centrifuge tube after spinning.

A

White blood cells (WBCs) and platelets

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10
Q

Origin of formed elements which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

Hematopoiesis

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11
Q

Blood cells originate in _________ from _________

A

Red bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells(Hemocytoblasts)

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12
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphocytes (T&B) 

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13
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to? 

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells (other than T&B lymphocytes)
Platelets

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14
Q

Red blood cells are also called?

A

Erythrocytes

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15
Q

Biconcave shape. Consists of 1/3 hemoglobin for transporting oxygen. Lack nuclei and mitochondria. Cannot divide

A

Red blood cells - RBCs

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16
Q

Hemoglobin without oxygen is called?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

Hemoglobin with oxygen is called?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

Changes in red blood cell counts reflect what? 

A

Change in blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

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19
Q

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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20
Q

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells in patient with sickle cell?

A

60 days

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21
Q

Nutritional requirements required for DNA synthesis necessary for growth and division of all cells

A

Vitamin B 12
Folic acid

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22
Q

Nutritional requirement for hemoglobin synthesis

A

Iron

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23
Q

Condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

A

Anemia

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24
Q

Worn out or damaged red blood cells are removed by which organs?

A

Spleen
Liver

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25
Q

Ruptured red blood cells are phagocytized by?

A

Macrophages

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26
Q

What happens to red blood cells when they are phagocytized by macrophages?

A

Hemoglobin separate into for subunits globin in chains with heme groups
Heme groups break down into iron and biliverdin
Iron is transported to red bone marrow by the protein transferrin 
Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin
Billy Verdon and Billy Rubin are excreted as bile pigments
Globin chains decompose into amino acids

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27
Q

Protect against disease. I have a limited life spans so they must always be replaced. Produced in red bone marrow under control of hormones interleukins and colony stimulating factors.

A

White blood cells (Leukocytes & WBCs)

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28
Q

Five types of white blood cells (BEN LM):

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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29
Q

Have granular cytoplasm, type of white blood cells:

A

Granulocytes

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30
Q

Do not have noticeable granules in cytoplasm, type of white blood cells:

A

Agranulocytes

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31
Q

Three granulocyte white blood cells (BEN):

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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32
Q

Two types of agranulocytes:

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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33
Q

Function of white blood cells in order(1-5):

A

Positive chemotaxis
Diapedesis
Cellular adhesion molecules
Inflammatory response
Phagocytosis

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34
Q

Attraction of white blood cells to an infection site by chemicals released by damage cells is called?

A

Positive chemotaxis

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35
Q

White blood cells squeezed between the cells of a capillary wall and leave blood vessel then migrate towards infection site this is called?

A

Diapedesis

36
Q

Proteins that direct leukocytes to injury sites are called

A

Cellular adhesion molecules

37
Q

Reaction that restrict spread of infection promoted by basil fills I secretion of heparin and histamine involve swelling and increased capillary permeability this is called?

A

Inflammatory response

38
Q

Engulfing and digestion of pathogens (neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocytes) this action is called?

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

Type of white blood cell. Granulocyte with small light purple granules and acid base stain. First arrive at infection site. Strong phagocytes. Make up 54 to 70% of leukocytes elevated and bacterial infections

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Type of white blood cell that is a granulocyte with horse granules that stain deep red in acid stain. Bilobed nucleus. Moderate allergic reactions. Defend against parasitic worm infestations. Elevated and parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

Granulocyte white blood cell with large granules that stain deep blue in basic stain. Release histamine to stimulate inflammation. Release heparin to stop blood from clotting. Less than 1% of leukocytes

A

Basophils

42
Q

Largest of all the white blood cells. Agranulocyte with spherical kidney shaped oval and lobed nuclei. Leave bloodstream to become macrophages. 3 to 9% of leukocytes. Live for weeks to months. Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells,and debris

A

Monocytes

43
Q

Agranulocyte white blood cells with large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm. Important and immunity. May live for years

A

Lymphocytes

44
Q

Two major types of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells

45
Q

Type of lymphocyte that directly attacks pathogens and tumor cells

A

T cells

46
Q

Type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies

A

B cells

47
Q

High white blood cell count is called

A

Leukocytosis

48
Q

Low white blood cell count is called

A

Leukopenia

49
Q

Lists percentages of types of leukocytes which may change in particular diseases

A

Differential white blood cell count

50
Q

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes are called

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

51
Q

What hormone triggers hemocytoblast to produce platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

52
Q

High platelet count is called?

A

Thrombocytosis

53
Q

Low platelet count is called

A

Thrombocytopenia

54
Q

Platelets help in what process?

A

Hemostasis (stopping of bleeding) 

55
Q

Causes smooth muscles and walls of broken blood vessels to contract

A

Serotonin

56
Q

Protein that helps maintain pressure in vessels

A

Albumin

57
Q

Clear liquid matrix. Liquid portion of blood making up 55% of blood volume. Comprise 92% of water. Transports nutrients gases hormones and vitamins. Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH

A

Blood plasma

58
Q

Two most important blood gases

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

59
Q

Plasma nutrients (4)

A

Amino acids
Simple sugars
Nucleotides
Lipids - Fats(triglycerides), phospholipids, cholesterol

60
Q

Plasma contains ions called _________ Since they ionize in water and conduct electricity

A

Electrolytes

61
Q

Two most abundant electrolytes in plasma

A

Sodium and chloride

62
Q

Three steps in hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) 

A

Blood vessel (vascular) spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation

63
Q

Stimulated by cutting or breaking a small blood vessel. Smooth muscle and blood vessel contracts rapidly. Allows time for a platelet plug to form and blood to coagulate. Serotonin released from platelets causes vasoconstriction which further helps to reduce blood loss

A

Vascular spasm (blood vessel spasm)

64
Q

Triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen. Platelets in here to rough surface to form a plug

A

Platelet plug formation

65
Q

Most effective hemostatic mechanism occurs within 5 to 15 minutes. Forms blood clot in a series of reactions in which each step activates next one this is called a cascade. Consist of extrinsic and intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

Blood coagulation

66
Q

Chemicals used in coagulation are called

A

Clotting factors

67
Q

Vitamin that is necessary for functioning of some of the clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

68
Q

Major event in conversion of soluble _________ Into insoluble threads of __________ which traps blood cells. 

A

Fibrinogen
Fibrin

69
Q

Plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors is called

A

Serum

70
Q

Simulate smooth muscle cells and fiberglass repair damaged blood vessels

A

Platelet derived growth factor

71
Q

Digests fibrin threads and dissolve the blood clot

A

Plasmin

72
Q

An abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

A

Thrombus

73
Q

A blood clot moving through the blood vessels

A

Embolus

74
Q

Blood clot in a vessel supplying a vital organ example brain heart

A

Thrombosis

75
Q

Death of tissue which have blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formation

A

Infarction

76
Q

Deprivation of oxygen is called

A

Ischemia

77
Q

Blood clot that travels and then blocks a blood vessel in an organ example pulmonary in the lungs

A

Embolism

78
Q

Accumulation of fat an arterial linings which sometimes cause abnormal clock for missions are common form of thrombosis

A

Atherosclerosis

79
Q

Blood types are distinguished by proteins ___________ On the surface of red blood cells

A

Antigens

80
Q

Clumping of red blood cells is called

A

Agglutination

81
Q

Blood type that is the universal donor.
Lacks antigens A and B

A

Type O

82
Q

Universal recipient blood type. Lax both anti-A anti-B antibodies

A

Blood type AB

83
Q

Presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membrane is called

A

Rh positive

84
Q

Absence of Rh antigens on RBC membranes is called

A

Rh negative

85
Q

Serious condition in Rh+ fetus carried by Rh- mother who has been previously sensitized to Rh antigen, rare condition.

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis 
Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A&P2 (2 decks)

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