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Animal Nutrition (Grass and Legumes) > Chapter 14 and 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 and 15 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the amount of nutrients required by anis.

A

Feeding standards

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2
Q

Other terms used as feeding standards

A

Nutrient requirement and nutrient allowance

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3
Q

It is generally agreed to be the average amount required for a particular function

A

Nutrient requirement

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4
Q

It is greater than this by a safety margin designed primarily in the requirement between individual animals

A

Nutrient allowance

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5
Q

It can be expressed as either quantities of nutrients or in dietary proportions

A

Feeding standards

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6
Q

It is a method of expression that is mainly used for animals given exact quantities of food

A

Quantities of nutrients

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7
Q

It is a method of expression for animals fed to appetite

A

Dietary proportions

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8
Q

It is the amount of feed energy available for the animals

A

Net Energy (NE)

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9
Q

It is a measure of useful energy in the feed

A

Metabolizable energy (ME)

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10
Q

It is the energy that is available to the animals by digestion

A

Digestible Energy (DE)

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11
Q

It is the estimate of total protein content of feed

A

Crude Protein (CP)

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12
Q

It is a measure of how digestible the crude protein is

A

Digestible Crude Protein (DCP)

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13
Q

In ruminants, this represents the sum of protein and amino acids reaching the small intestine from ruminally undegraded protein and microbial protein supply

A

Metabolizable Protein (MP)

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14
Q

Feeding standards may be provided separately for each animal or as overall figures for combined process

A

TRUE

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15
Q

if the translation of requirements into allowances that are used in feeding practice often involves the addition of what?

A

Safety margins

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16
Q

It is generally regarded as the greater evil, and so safety margin is often added to the requirement when calculating the allowance to be fed

A

Underfeeding

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17
Q

Five freedoms of animal welfare:

A

freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear and distress, freedom to express normal behaviour

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18
Q

Should feeding standards be considered as GUIDES to feeding practice and not as INFLEXIBLE rules

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Main users for feeding standards

A

commercial companies, nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants

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20
Q

This main user supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants.

A

Commercial companies

21
Q

This main user formulate diets and advise farmers

A

Nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants

22
Q

This is where standards are often difficult to apply because the foods needed to supplement local resources are not available

A

Developing countries

23
Q

This is where may be a tendency to oversupply nutrients that are freely available and cheap

A

Developed countries

24
Q

What is state of maintenance in animal nutrition?

A

animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant, when it does not give rise to any product such as milk, and when it does not perform any work on its environment

25
Q

As the energy so utilised leaves the body as heat, the animal is then in a state of what?

A

negative energy balance

26
Q

It’s purpose is to prevent this drain on body reserves

A

Maintenance diet

27
Q

It can can be defined as the quantity required to ensure that the animal experiences neither a gain nor a loss of that nutrient.

A

Maintenance requirement

28
Q

It is the heat that leaves the body of the animal
after expending energy for its maintenance and it provides direct estimate of the NE
required from its food

A

Basal metabolism

29
Q

Consequently, in farm animal studies this term is used in preference to ‘basal metabolism’

A

‘fasting metabolism’

30
Q

A term often used in conjunction with fasting metabolism is what?; this includes the relatively small quantities of energy lost by fasting animals in their urine

A

‘fasting catabolism’

31
Q

It has the greatest influence on energy requirement

A

climate

32
Q

What are the two main routes of heat loss?

A

Sensible loss by radiation, conduction and convection from their body surface, and evaporative losses of water from the body surface and lungs

33
Q

What term does this mean; that mammals and birds attempt to kept their body temperature constant

A

homeotherms

34
Q

Why is heat production increased when an animal is kept in a cold environment?

A

Therefore, they increase their body temperature to keep their body temperature constant

35
Q

As the fall in air temperature continues, a stage is reached where the pig can maintain its deep
body temperature only by increasing its heat production, which it might do by increasing muscular activity, what is this activity?

A

shivering

36
Q

The environmental temperature below which heat production is increased is known as the

A

lower critical temperature

37
Q

It is an organism with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or
slightly higher than the temperature of its environment : other term: cold-blooded animals; example: frog and reptiles

A

Poikilothermic

38
Q

This is triggered to maintain homeostasis; it is an involuntary response

A

Shivering reflex

39
Q

What is the special type of tissue in neonates it helps for generating heat soon after birth, which
is deposited at strategic points such as the shoulder and abdomen.

A

Brown adipose tissue

40
Q

Part of the brain which regulates body temperature

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

Do cattles sweat?

A

Yes (?)

42
Q

The pattern by which animals grow from conception to maturity can be represented by a

A

sigmoid (s shaped) curve

43
Q

These are the factors that can cause the sigmoid curve to grow

A

Animals environment and nutrition

44
Q

In general, animals kept under this condition will follow the growth curve

A

Intensive husbandry

45
Q

whereas those kept under this conditions will follow more interrupted curves

A

Natural Extensive husbandry

46
Q

this we mean that the various parts of the animal, defined as anatomical components (e.g. legs), organs (e.g. liver) and tissues (e.g. muscle) grow at different rates, so that as the animal grows its proportions change

A

Development

47
Q

Reproduction increases the animal’s requirements for nutrients, but, conversely, the nutrient supply of animals can influence their reproductive processes.

A

TRUE

48
Q

When does the influence of nutrition begins

A

Early in animal’s life

49
Q

Some influence of nutrition in reproduction

A

in-utero, age to reach puberty, reduce ova and spermatozoa production, and pregnancy

Animal Nutrition (Grass and Legumes) (8 decks)

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