Chapter 14 and 15 Flashcards
It is the amount of nutrients required by anis.
Feeding standards
Other terms used as feeding standards
Nutrient requirement and nutrient allowance
It is generally agreed to be the average amount required for a particular function
Nutrient requirement
It is greater than this by a safety margin designed primarily in the requirement between individual animals
Nutrient allowance
It can be expressed as either quantities of nutrients or in dietary proportions
Feeding standards
It is a method of expression that is mainly used for animals given exact quantities of food
Quantities of nutrients
It is a method of expression for animals fed to appetite
Dietary proportions
It is the amount of feed energy available for the animals
Net Energy (NE)
It is a measure of useful energy in the feed
Metabolizable energy (ME)
It is the energy that is available to the animals by digestion
Digestible Energy (DE)
It is the estimate of total protein content of feed
Crude Protein (CP)
It is a measure of how digestible the crude protein is
Digestible Crude Protein (DCP)
In ruminants, this represents the sum of protein and amino acids reaching the small intestine from ruminally undegraded protein and microbial protein supply
Metabolizable Protein (MP)
Feeding standards may be provided separately for each animal or as overall figures for combined process
TRUE
if the translation of requirements into allowances that are used in feeding practice often involves the addition of what?
Safety margins
It is generally regarded as the greater evil, and so safety margin is often added to the requirement when calculating the allowance to be fed
Underfeeding
Five freedoms of animal welfare:
freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear and distress, freedom to express normal behaviour
Should feeding standards be considered as GUIDES to feeding practice and not as INFLEXIBLE rules
TRUE
Main users for feeding standards
commercial companies, nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants
This main user supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants.
Commercial companies
This main user formulate diets and advise farmers
Nutritional advisers and nutritional consultants
This is where standards are often difficult to apply because the foods needed to supplement local resources are not available
Developing countries
This is where may be a tendency to oversupply nutrients that are freely available and cheap
Developed countries
What is state of maintenance in animal nutrition?
animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant, when it does not give rise to any product such as milk, and when it does not perform any work on its environment
As the energy so utilised leaves the body as heat, the animal is then in a state of what?
negative energy balance
It’s purpose is to prevent this drain on body reserves
Maintenance diet
It can can be defined as the quantity required to ensure that the animal experiences neither a gain nor a loss of that nutrient.
Maintenance requirement
It is the heat that leaves the body of the animal
after expending energy for its maintenance and it provides direct estimate of the NE
required from its food
Basal metabolism
Consequently, in farm animal studies this term is used in preference to ‘basal metabolism’
‘fasting metabolism’
A term often used in conjunction with fasting metabolism is what?; this includes the relatively small quantities of energy lost by fasting animals in their urine
‘fasting catabolism’
It has the greatest influence on energy requirement
climate
What are the two main routes of heat loss?
Sensible loss by radiation, conduction and convection from their body surface, and evaporative losses of water from the body surface and lungs
What term does this mean; that mammals and birds attempt to kept their body temperature constant
homeotherms
Why is heat production increased when an animal is kept in a cold environment?
Therefore, they increase their body temperature to keep their body temperature constant
As the fall in air temperature continues, a stage is reached where the pig can maintain its deep
body temperature only by increasing its heat production, which it might do by increasing muscular activity, what is this activity?
shivering
The environmental temperature below which heat production is increased is known as the
lower critical temperature
It is an organism with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or
slightly higher than the temperature of its environment : other term: cold-blooded animals; example: frog and reptiles
Poikilothermic
This is triggered to maintain homeostasis; it is an involuntary response
Shivering reflex
What is the special type of tissue in neonates it helps for generating heat soon after birth, which
is deposited at strategic points such as the shoulder and abdomen.
Brown adipose tissue
Part of the brain which regulates body temperature
hypothalamus
Do cattles sweat?
Yes (?)
The pattern by which animals grow from conception to maturity can be represented by a
sigmoid (s shaped) curve
These are the factors that can cause the sigmoid curve to grow
Animals environment and nutrition
In general, animals kept under this condition will follow the growth curve
Intensive husbandry
whereas those kept under this conditions will follow more interrupted curves
Natural Extensive husbandry
this we mean that the various parts of the animal, defined as anatomical components (e.g. legs), organs (e.g. liver) and tissues (e.g. muscle) grow at different rates, so that as the animal grows its proportions change
Development
Reproduction increases the animal’s requirements for nutrients, but, conversely, the nutrient supply of animals can influence their reproductive processes.
TRUE
When does the influence of nutrition begins
Early in animal’s life
Some influence of nutrition in reproduction
in-utero, age to reach puberty, reduce ova and spermatozoa production, and pregnancy
