Chapter 14

Question 1

What is an emotion? What are the components of it?

Answer 1

A complex phenomenon that involves a subjective feeling, physiological changes, behavior and often a cognitive appraisal

Question 2

What is a primary emotion and when does it emerge?

Answer 2

Primary emotions are:
Contentment- smiling- becomes joy

Interest- staring intently at objects - becomes surprise

Distress - grimace in response to pain- becomes anger , fear

Emerge within first 6 months

Question 3

What are secondary emotions and when do they emerge?

Answer 3

Emerge with self awareness around 18 months

Embarrassment
Envy
Empathy

Pride
Shame
Guilt

Question 4

Outline age related changes in mastery of emotion regulation skills and understanding of emotions

Answer 4

Infants - few emotion regulation strategies. Sucking vigorously, turning away from unwanted stimulus

End of first year - infant can move away from what upsets them, rocking, seeking comfort

18-24 months- try to control what upsets them

3-4 - prefrontal cortex development- effort full control improves

Question 5

What milestone in development must be achieved before an infant will show an emotion like embarassment?

Answer 5

Self-awareness around 18 months when the infant begins to recognize themselves.

Question 6

Using socioemotional selectivity theory, explain why older adults typically have greater emotional well being than adolescents.

Answer 6

Perception that one has little time left to live prompts aging adults to put less emphasis on the goal of acquiring information for future use and more emphasis on the goal of fulfilling current emotional needs.

Question 7

Outline the main argument of Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theory. What are the roles of nature and nurture in attachment?

Answer 7

Attachment theory:
concepts from both psychoanalytic and cognitive theory; throughout lifespan we have people we are attached to and from who we derive a sense of security.

Bowlby - infants and parents are biologically predisposed for form attachments because they contribute to survival. A responsive social environment is critical to forming attachments.

Question 8

Describe the mechanism by which early attachments may have lasting effects on development.

Answer 8

Securely attached infants who have received responsive care will form internal working models suggesting they are lovable and other people can be trusted to care for them. These internal working models affect later relationships.

Question 9

Distinguish among the four types of parent-infant attachments and explain how a parent’s behavior, an infant’s temperament, and the cultural context can influence which type of attachment develops.

Answer 9

Four types of parent-infant attachment:

1. Secure attachment - actively explores but uses mother as secure base
2. Resistant attachment - insecure attachment characterized by anxious, ambivalent reactions
3. Avoident attachment -may play alone but are not very adventuresome, show little apparent distress when separated from their mothers, and avoid contact or seem indifferent when their mothers return.
4. Disorganized–disoriented attachment -have not been able to devise a consistent strategy for regulating their negative emotions; they seem frightened of their parent and stuck between approaching and avoiding this frightening figure.

Infants temperament can influence the quality of the attachment. Caregiver’s style of parenting can influence the attachment. Parent is more influential.

Cultural context can also effect relationship between child and caregiver. Secure attachment may mean different things in different cultures.

Question 10

Describe how strangers such as health care professionals who need to interact with young children can minimize stranger anxiety reactions.

Answer 10

Caregiver is nearby
Caregiver reacts positively with the stranger
Familiar setting
Stranger needs to approach slowly

Question 11

Emotional competence

Answer 11

Greater understanding of emotion and better emotion regulation skills

Question 12

Positivity effect

Answer 12

A tendency for older adults to pay more attention to, better remember and place more priority on positive info rather than negative info.

Question 13

Internal working models

Answer 13

Cognitive representations of themselves and other people that guide their processing of social information and their behavior in relationships.

Question 14

Co-rumination

Answer 14

Excessive discussion and analysis of personal problems with a close friend

Question 15

Relational aggression

Answer 15

Subtle or indirect aggression that involves gossiping about or ignoring/excluding others

Question 16

Social convoy

Answer 16

The social convoy can be described as the group of people who accompanies us on the journey of life. This social grouping is a critical element of good adjustment and well-being at every stage of development. We are social creatures and thrive on these interactions and relationships as we grow and develop. The makeup of the social convoy changes over time, though family members usually comprise a part of that convoy.

Question 17

Cliques

Answer 17

Small friendship group that interacts frequently.

Question 18

Crowds

Answer 18

A network of heterosexual cliques that form during adolescence and facilitates mixed sex social activities.

Question 19

Describe Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Answer 19

Three components:
1. Passion
2. Intimacy
3. Commitment
Different types of love based on the strength of the 3 components.

Question 20

Sociometric popularity

Answer 20

Being liked by many peers and disliked by few. Contrast with perceived popularity.

Question 21

Perceived popularity

Answer 21

Perceived status, power, and visibility in the peer group, as distinct from likeability. Contrast with sociometric popularity.

Question 22

Homogamy

Answer 22

Basis for mate selection centered on similarity between partners in demographic and personal characteristics. Contrast with complementarity.

Question 23

Complementarity

Answer 23

Basis for mate selection in which people choose partners who are different from them but have strengths that compensate for their weaknesses or otherwise complement their own characteristics. Contrast with homogamy.

Question 24

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 24

Strange situation research

Question 25

John Bowlby

Answer 25

Attachment theory

Question 26

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 26

Imprinting

Question 27

Harry Harlow

Answer 27

Contact comfort