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Psychology 1010 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Early Explanation of Mental Illness

A

Ancient times: evil spirits released via TREPANNING

Hippocrates: mental illness from imbalance of the body’s four humors

Middle Age- Spirits possession/exorcism

Renaissance: mentally ill-labeled witches

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2
Q

Psychopathology

A

Study of abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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3
Q

Abnormal Behavior

A
  • statistically rare
  • deviant from social norms
  • causes subjective discomfort
  • does not allow day-to-day functioning
  • causes a person to be dangerous to self or tohers
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4
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Abnormal/normal thinking of behavior is product of behavioral shaping with,,

  • family influences
  • social group where someone belongs
  • culture within family
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5
Q

“Models of Abnormality”

Biological Perspective

A

Disordered behavior and thinking are caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, and genetic systems of the body

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6
Q

“Models of Abnormality”

Psychodynamic

A

Abnormal thinking/ behavior stem from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious

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7
Q

“Models of Abnormality”

Behaviorism

A

Abnormal behavior is learned

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8
Q

“Models of Abnormality”

Cognitive Perspective

A

Maladaptive functioning comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thoughts

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9
Q

“Models of Abnormality”

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Disordered thinking/behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological , psychological, social, and cultural influences

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10
Q

DSM

A
  • publushed 1952
  • Revised, when new knowledge of disorders emerged
  • recent publication, 2013 known DSM-5
  • 20 categories, 250 different disorders
  • used for diagnosing disorders
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11
Q

How common are pyschological disorders?

A
  1. 2% of American adults over 18+ have mental disorders in any given year
    - 61.5 million people in the U.S.
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12
Q

Disorders of mood: The effect of affect

A

-Bipolar/related disorders
depressive disorders
-AFFECT: emotional reaction
-DISORDERS OF MOOD: disturbances in emotion ranging from mild to moderate, or can be extreme

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13
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause

  • most common of the diagnosed disorders of mood
  • 1.5-3 times more likely for woman than men
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14
Q

Culture Gender Depression

A

Lifetime risk for developing depression varies

  • pre-puberty; boys
  • after puberty; girls
  • women in U.S. likely to suffer depression
  • affected by consequences as a result
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15
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Bipolar 1- mood spans from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression

Bipolar 2- normal mood with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania

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16
Q

Bipolar/ ADHD

A
  • possible connection between them
  • irrational thinking/mania are common in bipolar not present in ADHD
  • Hyperactivity can be present in both disorders
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17
Q

Dysthymia

A

moderate depression

-two years or more, reaction to external stressor

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18
Q

Cyclothymia

A

mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania-

-two years or more

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19
Q

“Causes of Disordered Mood”

Behavioral

A

Link depression to learned helplessness

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20
Q

“Causes of Disordered Mood”

Cognitive

A

see depression as the result of distorted illogical thinking

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21
Q

“Causes of Disordered Mood”

Biological

A

Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part

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22
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A
  • Some people get depressed at certain times of the year.
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.
  • One of the most effective treatments is phototherapy.
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23
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity

24
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Memory loss for personal information, either partial or complete
– Can occur with or without dissociative fugue, sudden travel away from home with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity

25
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities

26
Q

“Types of Personality Disorders”

Odd/ Eccentric

A

• Paranoid
• Schizoid
• Schizotypal

27
Q

“Types of Personality Disorders”

Dramatic/ emotional/ erratic

A
  • Antisocial
  • Borderline
  • Histrionic
  • Narcissistic
28
Q

“Types of Personality Disorders”

Anxiety/ Fearfulness

A
  • Avoidant
  • Dependent
  • Obsessive- Compulsive
29
Q

“Causes of Dissociative Disorders”

PSYCHODYNAMIC

A

Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety

30
Q

“Causes of Dissociative Disorders”

COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL

A

Trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain

31
Q

“Causes of Dissociative Disorders”

BIOLOGICAL

A

Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder

32
Q

Anxiety Disorders: Phobias

A

Phobia: Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
• Socialanxietydisorder(social phobia): Fear of negative evaluation in social situations
• Specific phobias: Fear of particular objects, situations, or events
• Agoraphobia: Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

33
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Panic attack: Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms

Panic disorder: Frequent, disruptive panic attacks

34
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

• With DSM-5, this disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder.
– Now falls in the category of “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.”
• Obsessive, recurring thoughts create anxiety.
• Compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.

35
Q

“Causes of Anxiety Disorders”

PSYCHODYNAMIC

A

Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior or thinking

36
Q

“Causes of Anxiety Disorders”

BEHAVIORAL

A

Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques

37
Q

“Causes of Anxiety Disorders”

COGNITIVE

A

Excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes

38
Q

“Causes of Anxiety Disorders”

BIOLOGICAL

A

Nervous system dysfunction, genetic transmission

39
Q

“Eating Disorders”

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • BMI less than 18.5 in adults

* Vomiting, laxative abuse, food restriction, and excessive exercise used to control food intake

40
Q

“Eating Disorders”
Bulimia Nervosa


A

• Binging large quantities of food with attempts to rid self of food through inappropriate means

41
Q

“Eating Disorders”

Binge Eating Disorder

A

• Uncontrolled binge eating, but no attempts to purge or use inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain

42
Q

Causes of Eating Disorders

A
  • Adolescents and young adults are most at risk.
  • Eating disorders have been observed in non-Western cultures that are not focused on thinness.

• Genetic components for eating disorders account for 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia,
and binge-eating disorder.

43
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality

44
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

“Positive”

A

Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior
– Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs
– Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist

45
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

“Negative”

A

Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior
– Poor attention
– Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness
– Poor speech production

46
Q

“Categories of Schizophrenia”

Disorganized

A 
•Hallucinations
• Confused
speech
• Inappropriate emotion
• Social impairments
47
Q

“Categories of Schizophrenia”

Catatonic

A

Periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking

48
Q

“Categories of Schizophrenia”

Paranoid

A

Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations

49
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  • Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of the brain; negative with lower dopamine activity
  • Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated
  • Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies
  • Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000
  • Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
50
Q

Personality disorders

A

Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction

51
Q

“Personality disorders”

Antisocial- personality disorder

A

• Disorder is more common in men.
Symptoms:
• May habitually break the law, disobey rules, or tell lies with no regard for others’ feelings.

  • Indifferent, or able to rationalize taking advantage of or hurting others.
  • Disorder is more common in men.
52
Q

“Personality disorders”

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • Moody
  • Unstable sense of identity
  • Clings to others
  • More common in women
53
Q

Causes of Personality Disorders

A

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL: Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems

GENETIC FACTORS: Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders

STRESS TOLERANCE: Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are emotionally unreactive to stress or threat, and have lower than normal levels of stress hormones

FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS:
Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships

54
Q

Higher Incidence of Specific Disorders

WOMEN

A
  • Depression
  • Agoraphobia
  • Simple phobia
  • Obsessive- compulsive disorder
55
Q

Higher Incidence of Specific Disorders

MEN

A
  • Substance abuse

* Antisocial personality disorder

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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