Chapter 14 Flashcards
Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained
Mathemtatically
17th Century Scientists
Capernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton
Characteristics/Descriptions of the Scientific Revolution
- “The process which established the new view on the Universe.”
- Natural Philosophy
- Very Slow
- Informal
- Very widespread geographically
- Main focus on Astronomy
Descriptions of differing views of the Universe
- Ptolemaic: Geocentrism system
- Copernican: Heliocentrism
- Tychonic: Geocentric + Heliocentrism
Facts/Characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the Scientific Revolution
Ptolemaic view: Earth was in the center, scriptural support by literal interpretation
Copernican System of the Universe
Helicentrism: Sun in the middle of universe, Earth rotation + revolving, Earth is not fixed
Nicolaus Copernicus’ contributions to the Scientific Revolution
(1473-1543)
1543: “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” = revolution making. Tool for others to make points, was foundational
Tycho Brahe’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution
(1546-1601)
- Tychonic System
- Astronomical data
Johannes Kepler’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution
(1571-1630)
1609: “The New Astronomy” = Elliptical orbits
Facts about Isaac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution
(1642-1727)
1687: “Principia Mathematica” = Universal Gravitation, Laws of Motion, Empiricism
Galileo’s literary works
- “Starry Messenger”
- “Letters on Sunspots”
- “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” (not really significant)
Galileo’s views on the universe
Heliocentrism
Galileo’s major contributions to the Scientific Revolution
1609: Improved the Telescope!
Mechanism and what natural philosophers believed it achieved
Mechanism: Explaining world through mechanical metaphors
- World = entity of moving parts
- Analogy of Clock
- Shifts view from religious to utilitarian
- Symbolism changed how can it improve our lives
Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to scientific inquiry
(1561-1626)
- “Father of Empiricism”
- Inductive Reasoning, Specific –> General
- 1620: Novum Organum (New Brain = Brain)
- Believed truths found should be used
- Utilitarian!
Cartesian Dualism
Material things and Non-material things (Thinking things)
Beliefs on knowledge according to Francis Bacon
Knowledge gained should be utilized!
Was a Utilitarian
Descartes view of nature
(1596-1650)
1637: “Discourse on Method”, written in French vs. Latin
2. Deductive Reasoning, General –> Specific
3. “I think, therefore I Am”
4. Dualism
Facts about Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679)
1. Literary works: 1651: “Leviathan”
- Favored form of government: Absolutism
- His Social Contract: People give up rights for protection
- View of Humanity: mankind = brutal!
Facts about John Locke
(1632-1704)
- Literary works:
a. 1690: “Two Treaties of Government”,
b. 1689: “Letter Concerning Toleration,
c. 1690: “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” - Favored form of government: Limited form of gov.
- His Social Contract: If Government not upholding Natural rights population have right to rebel.
- View on people and their rights: Deserve to have Natural rights (life, property, liberty)
Tabula Rasa
- Denounces original sin
2. People have a blank slate, Optimistic view
Role of women during the scientific revolution
Women were excluded, exceptions include Queen Christina of Sweden, Margaret Cavendish, Maria Winkelmann, Emilie du Chatelt.
Women worked through husbands or male relatives
Fields of study in which Maria Winkelmann contributed to the scientific revolution
ASTRONOMY!
EX: Discovered comet in 1703, worked with husband
Movements/events of the 18th century influenced by the new science
The Academy’s of Science around Europe
- Royal Society of London
- Academy of Experiments (Florence)
- French Academy of Science
- Berlin Academy of Sciences
Trial of Galileo
1633
- Council of Trent prohibited private interpretation of new theory’s
- 1615: “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina”
- 1616: Galileo called to Rome where Cardinal “Hammer of Heretics”
- Copernicus’ book on index of prohibited books
- Pope Urban VIII
Facts about Blaise Pascal
-
WORK IN PROGRESS*
1. Literary works
2. Views on God and mankind:
3. Religious affiliation:
4. Opposition to groups of people and reasons:
Pascal’s famous wager
Better to believe in God, just in case.
- Was a leap of faith
- better to be safe than sorry
Physico-theology
Religious thought that was deductive from observing nature
Science–>Rational God–>Rational Humanity–>Scientific Innovation => improved human condition=A BETTER LIFE!
Causes of the Witch-Hunts
Lost speculation, needed scapegoat for current events happening, SUPERSTITUTION
Results of Witch-Hunts and panic
Socially our of control, ANARCHY!
Targets Witchcraft
Women age 40+, midwives, “cunning folk” = healers and herbalists
Reasons for end of witch-hunts
Socially out of control! Science had some role
Emergence of Baroque Art
(a) inspire people
(b) make them in awe of the Catholic church and
(c) make them want to go to church (cause church was so beautiful). Catholics used this type of art.
Characteristics of Baroque art and technique
Baroque art was ornate.
Baroque
Art:
Artists: Peter Paul Rubens (1571-1640)
Monuments:
