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AP European History > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained

A

Mathemtatically

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2
Q

17th Century Scientists

A

Capernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton

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3
Q

Characteristics/Descriptions of the Scientific Revolution

A
  1. “The process which established the new view on the Universe.”
  2. Natural Philosophy
  3. Very Slow
  4. Informal
  5. Very widespread geographically
  6. Main focus on Astronomy
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4
Q

Descriptions of differing views of the Universe

A
  1. Ptolemaic: Geocentrism system
  2. Copernican: Heliocentrism
  3. Tychonic: Geocentric + Heliocentrism
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5
Q

Facts/Characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the Scientific Revolution

A

Ptolemaic view: Earth was in the center, scriptural support by literal interpretation

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6
Q

Copernican System of the Universe

A

Helicentrism: Sun in the middle of universe, Earth rotation + revolving, Earth is not fixed

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7
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus’ contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

(1473-1543)
1543: “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” = revolution making. Tool for others to make points, was foundational

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8
Q

Tycho Brahe’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

(1546-1601)

  1. Tychonic System
  2. Astronomical data
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9
Q

Johannes Kepler’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

(1571-1630)

1609: “The New Astronomy” = Elliptical orbits

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10
Q

Facts about Isaac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

(1642-1727)

1687: “Principia Mathematica” = Universal Gravitation, Laws of Motion, Empiricism

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11
Q

Galileo’s literary works

A
  1. “Starry Messenger”
  2. “Letters on Sunspots”
  3. “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” (not really significant)
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12
Q

Galileo’s views on the universe

A

Heliocentrism

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13
Q

Galileo’s major contributions to the Scientific Revolution

A

1609: Improved the Telescope!

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14
Q

Mechanism and what natural philosophers believed it achieved

A

Mechanism: Explaining world through mechanical metaphors

  1. World = entity of moving parts
  2. Analogy of Clock
  3. Shifts view from religious to utilitarian
  4. Symbolism changed how can it improve our lives
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15
Q

Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to scientific inquiry

A

(1561-1626)

  1. “Father of Empiricism”
  2. Inductive Reasoning, Specific –> General
  3. 1620: Novum Organum (New Brain = Brain)
  4. Believed truths found should be used
  5. Utilitarian!
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16
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Material things and Non-material things (Thinking things)

17
Q

Beliefs on knowledge according to Francis Bacon

A

Knowledge gained should be utilized!

Was a Utilitarian

18
Q

Descartes view of nature

A

(1596-1650)

1637: “Discourse on Method”, written in French vs. Latin
2. Deductive Reasoning, General –> Specific
3. “I think, therefore I Am”
4. Dualism

19
Q

Facts about Thomas Hobbes

A

(1588-1679)
1. Literary works: 1651: “Leviathan”

  1. Favored form of government: Absolutism
  2. His Social Contract: People give up rights for protection
  3. View of Humanity: mankind = brutal!
20
Q

Facts about John Locke

A

(1632-1704)

  1. Literary works:
    a. 1690: “Two Treaties of Government”,
    b. 1689: “Letter Concerning Toleration,
    c. 1690: “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
  2. Favored form of government: Limited form of gov.
  3. His Social Contract: If Government not upholding Natural rights population have right to rebel.
  4. View on people and their rights: Deserve to have Natural rights (life, property, liberty)
21
Q

Tabula Rasa

A
  1. Denounces original sin

2. People have a blank slate, Optimistic view

22
Q

Role of women during the scientific revolution

A

Women were excluded, exceptions include Queen Christina of Sweden, Margaret Cavendish, Maria Winkelmann, Emilie du Chatelt.

Women worked through husbands or male relatives

23
Q

Fields of study in which Maria Winkelmann contributed to the scientific revolution

A

ASTRONOMY!

EX: Discovered comet in 1703, worked with husband

24
Q

Movements/events of the 18th century influenced by the new science

A

The Academy’s of Science around Europe

  1. Royal Society of London
  2. Academy of Experiments (Florence)
  3. French Academy of Science
  4. Berlin Academy of Sciences
25
Q

Trial of Galileo

A

1633

  1. Council of Trent prohibited private interpretation of new theory’s
  2. 1615: “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina”
  3. 1616: Galileo called to Rome where Cardinal “Hammer of Heretics”
  4. Copernicus’ book on index of prohibited books
  5. Pope Urban VIII
26
Q

Facts about Blaise Pascal

A
  • WORK IN PROGRESS*
    1. Literary works
    2. Views on God and mankind:
    3. Religious affiliation:
    4. Opposition to groups of people and reasons:
27
Q

Pascal’s famous wager

A

Better to believe in God, just in case.

  • Was a leap of faith
  • better to be safe than sorry
28
Q

Physico-theology

A

Religious thought that was deductive from observing nature

Science–>Rational God–>Rational Humanity–>Scientific Innovation => improved human condition=A BETTER LIFE!

29
Q

Causes of the Witch-Hunts

A

Lost speculation, needed scapegoat for current events happening, SUPERSTITUTION

30
Q

Results of Witch-Hunts and panic

A

Socially our of control, ANARCHY!

31
Q

Targets Witchcraft

A

Women age 40+, midwives, “cunning folk” = healers and herbalists

32
Q

Reasons for end of witch-hunts

A

Socially out of control! Science had some role

33
Q

Emergence of Baroque Art

A

(a) inspire people
(b) make them in awe of the Catholic church and
(c) make them want to go to church (cause church was so beautiful). Catholics used this type of art.

34
Q

Characteristics of Baroque art and technique

A

Baroque art was ornate.

35
Q

Baroque

A

Art:
Artists: Peter Paul Rubens (1571-1640)
Monuments:

AP European History (3 decks)

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