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AP European History > Chapter 13: European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries > Flashcards

Chapter 13: European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries Flashcards

1
Q

Emergence of the Netherlands as a Nation

A

1572: Seven provinces become United Provinces

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2
Q

Religious Characteristics of 16th/17th century Netherlands

A

Traditionally identified with Protestant cause. But official church is Calvinist

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3
Q

16th/17th Century Netherlands governmental system

A
  1. Formally a republic, provinces have considerable power

2. central government embodied in States General who’s power through ongoing negotiation with provinces

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4
Q

Reasons for Dutch economy prosperity

A
  1. High urban consolidation
  2. Transformed agriculture
  3. Extensive Trade + Finance
  4. Overseas Commercial Empire
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5
Q

Reasons for Dutch economy decline

A
  1. No Stadtholder after William III of Britain 1702
  2. Disunity
  3. Naval supremacy decreasing with fishing from disunity
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6
Q

William of Orange

A

(1650-1702)

  1. Grandson of William the Silent
  2. Hereditary chief executive (Stadtholder) of Holland
  3. Rallied Dutch + led European coalition against France
  4. Came to English throne with wife, Mary in response to 1688 ——
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7
Q

Two European political organization

A
  1. Absolutism (Absolute Monarchy)

2. Parliamentary Monarchy

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8
Q

Characteristics of Absolutism

A
  1. French Monarchy
  2. Believed in Divine Right, Power from God
  3. Didn’t consider representative assembly in decisions
  4. Avoided dealing with national political institutions that could limit power
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9
Q

Characteristics of Parliamentary Monarchy

A
  1. English Monarchy

2. Govern through parliament

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10
Q

Characteristics of and facts of James I

A

(r. 1603-1625)
1. King James I of England, King James VI in Scotland
2. Son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
3. Inherited large royal debt and divided church
4. Strong believer in divine right of Kings
5. Expected to rule with minimum consultation beyond his own royal court.
6. Catholic King over protestant Nation

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11
Q

James I’s Domestic Policies

A
  1. Impositions (levying new custom duties) = threat to Parliament
  2. Governed by favorites: Duke of Buckingham
  3. Buckingham controlled royal patronage, sold peerages = titles to highest bidders
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12
Q

Suspicion for James I’s Foreign Policy

A
  1. 1604: Makes peace with Spain = Catholic Nation
  2. Unsuccessful attempt to relax penal laws against Catholics
  3. 1618: Hesitancy to send aid to Protestants at outbreak of 30 year’s war
  4. Failure to marry son to Spanish princess
  5. 1625: Marriage of son to Henrietta Marie, Catholic daughter of Henry IV
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13
Q

Charles I’s extra-parliamentary measures

A
  1. Levying new tariffs + duties
  2. Attempting to collect discontinued taxes
  3. Subjecting English property owners to forced loan
  4. Quartering troops in private homes
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14
Q

The Petition of Right

A

(1628)

  1. No forced loans or taxation without consent of parliament
  2. No freeman should be imprisoned without due cause
  3. Troops not billeted in private homes
  4. 1629: Led king to dissolve parliament
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15
Q

Consequences of religious policies of Charles I

A
  1. Wanted Religious conformity not unity
  2. Imposed English system and prayer book on English + Scottish
  3. Bishops War (1639-1640)
  4. Scottish Rebel and beat English in Battle of Newburn
  5. Charles I creates Parliament again “a.k.a. Short Parliament”
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16
Q

Facts about “Long Parliament”

A

3 Groups

  1. Merchant + Landowners: Resented Kings financial measures + paternalistic rule, House of Commons
  2. Puritans: Resented King’s religious policies + distrusted Roman Catholic wife influence, House of Commons
  3. Conservative Anglicans: House of Commons & Lords
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17
Q

“Long Parliament’s” actions

A
  1. Impeached Strafford + Laud –> executed
  2. Abolished courts that forced royal policy
  3. prohibited levying of new taxes without consent
  4. 3 or less years for meetings
  5. Can’t be dissolved without consent from parliament
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18
Q

Facts about English Civil War

A

(1642-1646) 2 Groups

  1. Cavaliers: King’s side, more troops, weapons, training
  2. Roundheads: Oliver Cromwell, parliamentary opposition
  3. Began when Charles I attempts to invade parliament and kill opponents January 1642
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19
Q

Reasons Parliament won English Civil War (ECW)

A

Parliament wins ECW from 2 factors

  1. Alliance w/Scotland in 1643
  2. Reorganization of army by O.C. New Model Army vs. Gentlemen’s Warfare
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20
Q

England under Oliver Cromwell

A

Abolish 3 pillars

  1. Institute of Monarchy
  2. House of Lords
  3. Anglican Church

(1649-1660)
Puritan Republic of the Commonwealth

Dissolves Parliament –> Lord Protector title

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21
Q

Prides Purge

A

Became “Rump Parliament”

December 1648: Members who might have been sympathetic to monarch were expelled from Parliament

22
Q

State of England after Cromwell and what they wanted to restore

A
  1. Charles II (r. 1660-1685) returns to power in England

2. Restore 3 pillars (monarchy, HOL/C, Anglican Church)

23
Q

The Treaty of Dover

A

1670

  1. England + France formally allied against Dutch
  2. Charles II pledges to Louis XIV to convert to Catholicism
  3. 1672: Declaration of Indulgence, suspends ALL laws against Roman Catholics + Non-Anglican Protestants
24
Q

The Test Act

A

1672

  1. Protestant Parliament have members sweat to deny doctrine of Transubstantiation.
  2. Don’t want Catholics in position of authority
  3. Attempt to keep James II (Catholic) coming to power.
25
Q

The Popish Plot

A

1678

  1. Titus Oates that Charles I’s wife is plotting with Jesuits + Irishmen to kill Charles II so James II could assume the throne
  2. Led to many deaths! :(
26
Q

Declaration of Indulgence of 1687

A
  1. Suspends all religious tests + permits free worship
  2. In response to Test Act of 1672
  3. Passed by James II after dissolving Parliament
  4. Placed Catholics to high positions in court + army
27
Q

Facts about The Glorious Revolution

A

1688

  1. English wanted James II’s daughter, Mary (Protestant) to succeed to throne with Husband William III of Orange
  2. James II’s 2nd wife (Catholic) has James, Prince of wales (son). A.K.A. Stuart Pretender
  3. Parliament invites Mary + William to invade and preserve “traditional liberties” = 3 pillars
  4. A.K.A. Bloodless Revolution
28
Q

Act of Settlement

A

1701
English Crown goes to Protestant house of Hanover if Queen Anne, second daughter of James II + heir to childless William III died with out issue –> George I King of England

29
Q

Act of Union

A

1707

  1. During Anne Stuart’s reign (Daughter of James II)
  2. United England, Scotland, and Wales into United Kingdom, U.K.
30
Q

Facts about Robert Walpole

A
  1. First prime minister (1721-1742)
  2. Ability to get royal support from royalist
  3. Good at settling peace
  4. Established international trade w/India
31
Q

Facts about Cardinal Armand Richelieu

A
  1. Heavy handed centralization
  2. Crushed Private armies
  3. Compounded French cities
  4. Employed royal positions w/lesser nobles –> nobles more dependent on him
32
Q

Louis XIV’s relationship with French nobility

A

(1649-1652)
The Fronde = “The Sling”
Widespread rebellion spearheaded by nobles –> clergy and peasants joining nobles in cause

33
Q

Facts about Louis XIV reign:

A
  1. Reign: (1643-1715)
  2. Significance of Versailles: Physical symbol of his power
  3. Religious Acts: Revocation of Edict of Nantes
  4. Symbolism of Louis XIV: Sun, he is life. Nickname “Sun King”
34
Q

Characteristics of Jansenists

A
  1. Catholic Religious order/movement
  2. Founded by Cornelius Jansen
  3. Challenged original sin, believed in predestination, pious, hated absolutism + divine right of kings, disliked Jesuits
35
Q

Results of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes

A

Closed Hugenot worship places, Protestant ministers exiled if not converting to Catholic –> Forced servitude (indentured servitude), Protestant children baptized to Catholic fold by force

36
Q

Finance minister of Louis XIV

A

Jean Baptiste Colbert, GENIUS!

37
Q

Wars fought during reign of Louis XIV

A
  1. War of Devolution (1667-1668)
    • Dowry not paid, wants Spanish Netherlands, gets some land
  2. Franco-Dutch War (1672-1679)
    • Gain some pieces of territory, against William II of Orange
  3. Nine Years War (1689-1697)
    • League of Augsburgs, gain some territory
  4. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
38
Q

War of Spanish Succession

A

(1701-1714)

  1. Charles II dies without heir –> concern.
  2. Europe wants to split land, Philip V gets land + inheritance, is king now
  3. Grandson of Louis XIV
  4. War against grand alliance
  5. Treaty of Ultrect –> England gets gebralter, unorka, + other land, recognizes Hanover House
  6. Treaty of Rastatt –> End of war, Spanish Netherlands become Austrian Netherlands. Austrian Habsburgs rule now
39
Q

France after reign of Louis XIV

A

Grandson Louis XV takes power, resources drained, biggest population, advanced economy

40
Q

Economic beliefs of John Law

A

Print paper $ –> trading coin for stock.
Royal Bank of Paris, buying stock = CAPITALISM!
Mississippi Company –> Mississippi Bubble –> GREAT DEPRESSION! :( :( People end up losing lots of money and government is in deep poo

41
Q

Characteristics + Facts about 17th Central + Eastern Europe

A
  1. Economically less advanced than Western Europe
  2. Economy agrarian (rural, agricultural)
  3. Had fewer cities
  4. States had no oversea empires
  5. Didn’t engage in extensive overseas trade, except for supplying grain to Western Europe
  6. Weak political authorities
  7. Almost in constant warfare
42
Q

Dynasties of Central and Eastern Europe

A
  1. Austrian Habsburgs
  2. Hohenzollern Dynasty
  3. Romanov Dynasty
43
Q

Political/Social characteristics of 17th & 18th century Poland

A
  1. Absence of strong central authority
  2. Monarchy elective (filled by election)
  3. Division among nobility –> prevention of electing king
  4. Had Sejm, or Diet (central legislative body) Liberum veto = trouble for making decisions.
44
Q

The Pragmatic Sanction

A
  1. Provided legal basis for single line of inheritance within Habsburg dynasty through Charles VI’s daughter, Maria Theresa
  2. Came about when Charles VI feared line would be cut.
45
Q

Rulers of Prussia (4)

A
  1. Frederick William (r. 1640-1688)
    Known as “Great Elector”. Established himself as central uniting power by breaking the local noble estates, organizing a royal bureaucracy, and building a strong army
  2. Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)
    Son of “Great Elector”, Least “Prussian” of his family, Built palaces, Founded Halle University, Patronized the arts, Lived luxuriously, Achievement of royal title “King of Prussia” in 1701 from War of Spanish Succession w/ Leopold I
  3. Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)
    Most eccentric monarch to rule Hohenzollern domains and most effective. Army grew from 39,000 –> 80,000! Had best army (ranked 3rd or 4th largest in Europe) but he AVOIDED conflict. Army symbol of Prussian power and unity.
  4. Frederick II (r. 1740-1786)
    Upset Pragmatic Sanction and invaded Silesia. Used father’s big army. Later known as “Frederick the Great.”
46
Q

Aftermath of reign of Ivan IV in Russia

A
  1. Known as “Time of Troubles”
  2. Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584) underwent personality change –> leaving sensible reform of law, government, and army toward violent persona tyranny
47
Q

Power of Boyars during reign of Peter the Great

A

Boyars: old nobility/Russia’s nobles, still largely controlled the bureaucracy

48
Q

Facts about the Great Northern War

A

1700-1721

  1. Between Sweden and Russia
  2. Began when Peter I began a drive to west against Sweden territory to gain foothold on the Baltic
  3. 1700: Battle of Narva
  4. 1709: Battle of Poltava
  5. 1721: Peace of Nystad
49
Q

Significance of St. Petersburg

A
  1. Became new capital of empire
  2. Thousands of peasants died in process
  3. Trying to imitate standards of Louis XIV Versailles
  4. Made Boyars move to city
50
Q

Reforms of Peter the Great and their purpose

A
  1. Centralization: Power of Tsar must be made secure from Streltsy and Boyars
  2. Militarization: Russia military power must be increased in order to become major player in European affairs
  3. Administrative Colleges: way to control economy, domestic + foreign affairs, and military.
  4. 1722: Table of Ranks: forced anyone who wanted social privilege + wealth to become part of Peter’s highly social bureaucracy.
  5. The Holy Synod: Religious Government Body, directed by Peter to run the Orthodox Church along secular lines
51
Q

Characteristics of the legacy of Peter the Great

A
  1. Expanded Russian territory to East + West
  2. Created big, modern army
  3. Built St. Petersburg “window to the west”
  4. Successfully took authority away from nobles + military elite
  5. MADE RUSSIA RELEVANT! Made Russia into a major in European politics
52
Q

Religious Policies of Louis XIV

A
  1. Not a politique
  2. Abandoned Gallican Liberties
  3. Bans Jansenism
  4. 1685: Revocation of Edict of Nantes
  5. Madam de Maintenon (Catholic influence of Louis XIV, 2nd wife)

AP European History (3 decks)

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