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Physiology Exam 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

When the urinary bladder becomes stretched, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials traveling from…
A) the urinary bladder to the sacral region.
B) the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder.
C) somatic motor neurons.
D) ascending spinal pathways to the pons and cerebrum.
E) neurons in the spinal cord.

A

A) the urinary bladder to the sacral region.

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2
Q

In response to these impulses, which of the following cause the smooth muscle on the urinary bladder to contract?
A) neurons from the urinary bladder to the sacral region
B) the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder
C) somatic motor neurons
D) ascending spinal pathways to the pons and cerebrum
E) neurons in the spinal cord

A

B) the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder

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3
Q

When urination is desired, decreased action potentials along which of the following causes relaxation of the external urinary sphincter?
A) neurons from the urinary bladder to the sacral region
B) the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder
C) somatic motor neurons
D) ascending spinal pathways to the pons and cerebrum
E) neurons in the spinal cord

A

C) somatic motor neurons

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4
Q

If urination is not convenient, the brain sends impulses down the spinal cord to inhibit the micturition reflex.
A) True
B) False

A

True

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5
Q

The micturition reflex is coordinated by neurons in the spinal cord.
A) True
B) False

A

True

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6
Q

Secretion…
A) occurs when the filtrate passes from the peritubular capillaries back to the nephron tubules.
B) occurs when blood fluids leave the afferent arteriole and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
C) occurs when blood fluids leave the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
D) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the efferent arteriole.
E) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the peritubular capillaries.

A

A) occurs when the filtrate passes from the peritubular capillaries back to the nephron tubules.

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7
Q

Filtration…
A) occurs when the filtrate passes from the peritubular capillaries back to the nephron tubules.
B) occurs when blood fluids leave the afferent arteriole and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
C) occurs when blood fluids leave the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
D) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the efferent arteriole.
E) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the peritubular capillaries.

A

C) occurs when blood fluids leave the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule.

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8
Q

Reabsorption…
A) occurs when the filtrate passes from the peritubular capillaries back to the nephron tubules.
B) occurs when blood fluids leave the afferent arteriole and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
C) occurs when blood fluids leave the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule.
D) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the efferent arteriole.
E) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the peritubular capillaries

A

E) occurs when the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules back to the peritubular capillaries.

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9
Q

Once a substance is separated from the blood supply by the nephron, it is excreted in the urine.
A) True
B) False

A

B) False

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10
Q

All of the blood that enters the area of the nephron from the renal artery is filtered with each pass.
A) True
B) False

A

B) False

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11
Q

What physical processes remove waste from the blood?

A

Waste material is removed from the blood in the nephrons of the kidney. In each nephron, the blood is forced through a ball of porous capillaries called the glomerulus. Pressure forces most of the fluid, solutes, and smaller suspended material out of the blood and into Bowman’s capsule. Not only is waste removed but also many blood components that are necessary for proper function. Only blood cells and other items too large to pass through the capillary wall are not filtered at all. The non-waste materials leave the nephron and return to the blood through a combination of active transport (ions and nutrients) and passive diffusion (water).

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12
Q

Given the make-up of the filtration barrier which substance is unlikely to pass?

A) Positively charged ions
B) Negatively charged ions
C) Positively charged proteins
D) Negatively charged proteins

A

D) Negatively charged proteins

Size along, irons get through. The bigger macromolecules are barely making it through. Negatively-charged molecules are repelled from the negatively-charged environment.

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13
Q

Which of these is not a general function of the kidneys?
A) regulation of blood volume
B) regulation of solute concentration in the blood
C) regulation of the pH of the extracellular fluid
D) regulation of vitamin A synthesis
E) regulation of red blood cell synthesis

A

D) regulation of vitamin A synthesis

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14
Q 
Which of these structures contains blood?
	A)	glomerulus
	B)	vasa recta
	C)	distal tubule
	D)	Bowman's capsule
	E)	both a and b
A

E) both a and b

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15
Q 
The amount of plasma that enters Bowman's capsule per minute is the
	A)	glomerular filtration rate.
	B)	renal plasma flow.
	C)	renal fraction.
	D)	renal blood flow.
A

A) glomerular filtration rate.

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16
Q

Which of these conditions reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
A) elevated blood pressure
B) constriction of the afferent arterioles
C) decreased plasma protein in the glomerulus
D) dilation of the afferent arterioles
E) decreased capsule pressure

A

B) constriction of the afferent arterioles

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17
Q 
Glucose usually is completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached
	A)	the end of the proximal tubule.
	B)	the tip of the loop of Henle.
	C)	the end of the distal tubule.
	D)	the end of the collecting duct.
	E)	Bowman's capsule.
A

A) the end of the proximal tubule.

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18
Q 
The greatest volume of water is reabsorbed from the nephron by the
	A)	proximal tubule.
	B)	loop of Henle.
	C)	distal tubule.
	D)	collecting duct.
A

A) proximal tubule.

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19
Q 
Water leaves the nephron by
	A)	active transport.
	B)	filtration into the capillary network.
	C)	osmosis.
	D)	facilitated diffusion.
	E)	cotransport.
A

C) osmosis.

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20
Q 
Potassium ions enter the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	A)	proximal tubule, diffusion
	B)	proximal tubule, active transport
	C)	distal tubule, diffusion
	D)	distal tubule, counter transport
A

D) distal tubule, counter transport

21
Q

Reabsorption of most solute molecules from the proximal tubule is linked to the primary active transport of Na+
A) across the apical membrane and out of the cell.
B) across the apical membrane and into the cell.
C) across the basal membrane and out of the cell.
D) across the basal membrane and into the cell.

A

C) across the basal membrane and out of the cell.

22
Q 
Which of these ions is used to cotransport amino acids, glucose, and other solutes through the apical membrane of nephron epithelial cells?
	A)	K+
	B)	Na+
	C)	Cl-
	D)	Ca2+
	E)	Mg2+
A

B) Na+

23
Q

Which of the following contribute to the formation of a hyperosmotic environment in the medulla of the kidney?
A) effects of ADH on water permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B) impermeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to water
C) cotransport of Na+, K+, and Cl- out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D) both a and c
E) both b and c

A

E) both b and c

24
Q

Caffeine is a competitive antagonist of ___________ and therefore causes a (increase/decrease) in filtration.

A

Adenosine; increase

*causes polyuria!

25
Q 
At which of these sites is the osmolality lowest (lowest concentration)?
	A)	glomerular capillary
	B)	proximal tubule
	C)	bottom of the loop of Henle
	D)	initial section of the distal tubule
	E)	collecting duct
A

D) initial section of the distal tubule

26
Q 
Increased aldosterone causes
	A)	increased reabsorption of Na+.
	B)	decreased blood volume.
	C)	decreased reabsorption of Cl-.
	D)	increased permeability of the distal tubule to water.
	E)	increased volume of urine.
A

A) increased reabsorption of Na+.

27
Q 
Juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the secretion of
	A)	ADH.
	B)	angiotensin.
	C)	aldosterone.
	D)	renin.
A

D) renin

28
Q

ADH governs the
A) Na+ pump of the proximal tubules.
B) water permeability of the loop of Henle.
C) Na+ pump of the vasa recta.
D) water permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
E) Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

A

D) water permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

29
Q

A decrease in blood osmolality results in which of these?
A) increased ADH secretion
B) increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water
C) decreased urine osmolality
D) decreased urine output
E) all of the above

A

C) decreased urine osmolality

30
Q 
Angiotensin II
	A)	causes vasoconstriction.
	B)	stimulates aldosterone secretion.
	C)	stimulates ADH secretion.
	D)	increases the sensation of thirst.
	E)	all of the above.
A

E) all of the above.

31
Q

If blood pressure increases by 50 mm Hg,
A) the afferent arterioles constrict.
B) glomerular capillary pressure increases by 50 mm Hg.
C) glomerular filtration rate increases dramatically.
D) efferent arterioles constrict.
E) all of the above.

A

A) the afferent arterioles constrict.

32
Q 
The amount of a substance that passes through the filtration membrane into the nephrons per minute is the
	A)	renal plasma flow.
	B)	tubular load.
	C)	plasma clearance.
	D)	tubular maximum.
A

B) tubular load

33
Q

Given these events:
1. loss of voluntary control of urination
2. loss of the sensation or desire to urinate
3. loss of reflex emptying of the urinary bladder
Which of these events occurs following transection of the spinal cord at level L5?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1,2
D) 2,3
E) 1,2,3

A

C) 1,2

34
Q

The renal blood flow is _______L/min

A

~1.1 L/min

35
Q

Which of the following does not enter into the calculation for renal clearance?
A) glomerular filtration rate of the waste.
B) the volume of the blood filtered.
C) the amount of waste added by tubular secretion and reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.
D) the rate of urine production.
E) the amount of waste in the urine.

A

B) the volume of the blood filtered.

36
Q 
The units for renal clearance are...	
	A)	ml/min
	B)	mg/ml
	C)	mg/min
	D)	mg/dl
	E)	mg/L
A

A) ml/min

37
Q

Which of the following is true about inulin?
A) some inulin filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries.
B) all inulin is either filtered by the glomerulus or secreted by the peritubular capillaries.
C) inulin is removed from the peritubular capillaries by tubular secretion.
D) all inulin filtered by the glomerulus remains in the renal tubule and appears in the urine.
E) most inulin filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries

A

D) all inulin filtered by the glomerulus remains in the renal tubule and appears in the urine.

38
Q

T/F: Renal clearance is the volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in one minute.

A

TRUE

39
Q

T/F: Inulin is freely filtered by the juxtaglomerular device.

A

FALSE

40
Q

What factors influence the concentration of urine?

A

Urine contains water, nitrogenous wastes, and salts. The concentration of urine can vary considerably within our species and much more widely when we compare different species of animals. The variation in concentration depends on the structure of the kidney and on the environment the organism is experiencing. If protein or salt intake is high or if water intake is low then the urine produced will be more concentrated. If water intake is high then the urine produced will have a low concentration. Chemicals such as caffeine and alcohol can reduce the ability of the nephron to diffuse water back into the blood. These chemicals result in high volumes of urine with low salt and urea concentrations.

41
Q

Where do you find the Na/Glucose symporter along the nephron tubule??

A

Proximal Tubule!

42
Q

True or False: There is NO reabsorption of protons

A

TRUE

Instead the kidney reabsorbs or does not reabsorb bicarbonate

43
Q

If protein or salt intake is high or if water intake is low then the urine produced will be MORE/LESS concentrated

A

More

44
Q

What is the impact of excessive diarrhea on acid-base balance?

A

GI loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-)

45
Q 
What is the renal compensation for excessive diarrhea? 
A) Secretion of H+
B) Reabsorption of H+
C) Secretion of HCO3-
D) Reabsorption of HCO3-
A

A) Secretion of H+

46
Q 
What is the impact of excessive diarrhea on cardiovascular system?
A) Plasma volume contraction
B) Plasma volume expansion
C) Water and electrolyte loss
D) Water and electrolyte retention
A

A) plasma volume contraction

*focus on the terms that focus on the cardiovascular sys! Therefore, focus on mean arterial pressure

47
Q

What is the impact of hemorrhage on renin release?

Increase, Decrease, or No Change?

A

Increase

48
Q

What is the impact of hemorrhage on plasma potassium levels?

Increase, Decrease, or No Change

A

Decrease

Physiology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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