Chapter 14 Flashcards
Who were the key psychodynamic theorists post-Freud?
- Anna Freud
- Melanie Klein
- Karen Horney
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
What did ego psychology emphasize?
- The ego has its own energy
- Ego not always in conflict with the Id
- Emphasized conscious processes
- Reduced focus on biological drives
Who was Anna Freud and what was her contribution?
- Freud’s youngest child
- Became a child analyst
- Innovated psychoanalytic techniques for children using play and home observation
- Founded a clinic and training institute.
What did Melanie Klein develop and emphasize?
Object Relations Theory: focus on interpersonal relationships and how children separate from their mothers to form identity and relationships.
Who was Carl Jung and how did he differ from Freud?
- Swiss psychiatrist
- Once Freud’s protégé
- Rejected Freud’s emphasis on sex and the Oedipus complex
- Developed Analytical Psychology
- Focusing on future goals and the collective unconscious
What is the libido according to Jung?
General life energy (not just sexual)
What are the two levels of the unconscious in Jung’s theory?
- Personal unconscious: forgotten or suppressed material.
- Collective unconscious: inherited, universal experiences shared by all humans.
What are Jung’s archetypes?
Universal patterns of behavior or symbols:
- Persona (social mask)
- Anima/Animus (opposite-sex traits)
- Shadow (repressed instincts, “darker side”)
- Self (unity and self-actualization)
What are Jung’s psychological types?
Introversion vs. Extraversion (direction of energy)
- Thinking
- Feeling
- Sensing
- Intuiting
These are basis of MBTI dichotomies
Who was Alfred Adler and how did his theory differ from Freud’s?
- Originally a Freudian
- Later rejected Freud’s emphasis on sexuality and the unconscious
- Focused on social forces, conscious goals, and the drive for superiority
What is social interest in Adler’s theory?
Innate need to connect and cooperate with others
What is the inferiority complex?
Overwhelming feelings of inferiority that hinder personal development.
What is compensation and overcompensation?
- Compensation: developing strengths to overcome weakness.
- Overcompensation: turning a perceived weakness into a dominant strength.
What were Adler’s views on birth order?
- First-born: dethroned, insecure, prone to neurosis
- Second-born: competitive, driven
- Youngest: spoiled, dependent
- Only child: mature early, but may struggle with peers
Who was Karen Horney and what were her key ideas?
- Psychoanalyst who challenged Freud’s views on women and sexuality
- Focused on basic anxiety, cultural influences, and interpersonal needs.
What is basic anxiety in Horney’s theory?
A deep feeling of insecurity from inadequate parenting and lack of love in childhood.
Neurosis according to Horney
Neurotic needs
10 neurotic needs, including affection, achievement, and self-sufficiency
Neurotic needs give rise to three personality types:
1. Moving toward people (compliant)
2. Moving away from people (detached)
3. Moving against people (aggressive)
What is the idealized self-image?
A false self-concept neurotics create to deny their real feelings and conflicts.
What was Horney’s contribution to feminist psychology?
- Rejected penis envy
- Introduced womb envy
- Emphasized cultural over biological factors in shaping female personality
What does humanistic psychology emphasize?
- Human strengths
- Positive aspirations
- Conscious experience
- Free will
- Fulfillment of human potential
- The wholeness of human nature
What influenced the rise of humanistic psychology?
- The anti-establishment counterculture (Zeitgeist)
- Early theorists like Brentano and Kulpe.
What was Abraham Maslow’s early academic background?
- Studied intro psychology with Titchener (was unimpressed)
- Transferred to University of Wisconsin, earned PhD in 1934.
What early research did Maslow conduct?
- Worked with Harry Harlow
- Studied dominance in monkeys & human sexuality before Kinsey.
What influenced Maslow’s thinking during grad school?
Became interested in Watson’s behaviorism and met many psychologists fleeing Nazi Germany.
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
- A theory that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy from basic to complex
- Higher needs emerge after lower ones are satisfied.
What are key characteristics of lower vs. higher needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?
- Lower needs are basic (e.g., physiological)
- Higher needs are uniquely human (e.g., self-actualization).
What is self-actualization according to Maslow?
- The drive to fulfill one’s potential and develop one’s abilities
- Studied in people like Einstein and Eleanor Roosevelt.
What are the prerequisites for self-actualization?
- Sufficient love in childhood
- Safety in early years
- Healthy self-esteem
What are the 11 tendencies of self-actualizers (Maslow)?
- Objective perception of reality
- Full self-acceptance
- Dedication to work
- Simplicity and natural behavior
- Need for autonomy
- Peak experiences
- Empathy for humanity
- Resistance to conformity
- Democratic values
- Creativity
- Social interest
What are Maslow’s major contributions to psychology?
- Inspired humanistic and positive psychology
- Supported the concept of self-actualization (especially in middle age)
- Offered an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis
What is Rogers’ view on self-actualization?
- It is the greatest motivating force
- Innate but can be blocked by childhood experiences and conditions of worth
What are conditions of worth according to Rogers?
When love is made conditional, leading people to prioritize others’ values over their own.
What characterizes a fully functioning person (Rogers)?
- Openness to experience
- Living in the moment
- Guided by instincts
- Freedom of thought/action
- Creativity
- Drive to reach full potential
What is person-centered therapy?
- A therapy style based on unconditional positive regard
- Emotional acceptance
- Understanding
- Helping clients align self-concept with their ideal self
How did positive psychology emerge from humanism?
Martin Seligman’s 1998 APA address emphasized focusing on strengths, growth, and insight arising from life challenges.
What was the fate of humanistic psychology?
- Offered an alternative to dominant theories, but lacked university presence and momentum
- Influenced psychoanalysis by promoting self-determination
Who is Martin Seligman?
- Earned a PhD from UPenn (1967)
- Taught at Cornell and then returned to UPenn
- Father of positive psychology.
What did Seligman say about psychology’s traditional focus?
- Criticized its negativity
- Argued it ignored growth, mastery, and insight emerging from adversity
What did Seligman find about money and happiness?
- Higher income correlates with life satisfaction, but respect, control, and relationships are stronger happiness indicators
- Poverty predicts unhappiness
What did Seligman find about health, age, and happiness?
Poor health reduces satisfaction, but well-being tends to improve with age.
What did Seligman find about marriage and happiness?
Happy marriages boost happiness compared to being single or divorced.
What personality traits are linked to happiness?
High on:
- Self-efficacy
- Internal locus of control
- Extraversion
- Conscientiousness
What are the 5 components of flourishing (Seligman)?
- Positive emotions
- Engagement
- Relationships
- Meaning
- Achievement
