Chapter #14

Question 1

what is habituation?

Answer 1

refers to the decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession.

Question 2

what are Schemas?

Answer 2

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory.
- Help children remember, organize, and respond to information

Question 3

what is assimilation?

Answer 3

uses already developed schemas to understand new information.

Question 4

what is accommodation?

Answer 4

learning new information and changing the schema.

Question 5

Object permanence?

Answer 5

refers to the child’s ability to know that an object exists even when the object cannot be perceived.
* Develops around 8 months of age.

Question 6

Preoperational stage?

Answer 6

begins around age two and lasts until about 7 years old.
-Children begin to use language and to think more abstractly about objects, with capacity to form mental images.

Question 7

egocentric?

Answer 7

unable to see and understand other people’s viewpoints3

Question 8

theory of mind?

Answer 8

The ability to take another person’s viewpoint. after the age of 4.
* Increases rapidly during the preoperational stage.

Question 9

Concrete operational stage?

Answer 9

years 7-11
-develops time, space and numbers.

Question 10

Formal operational stage?

Answer 10

They learn to use deductive reasoning, such as “if this, then that,” and they become capable of imagining situations that “might be,” rather than just those that exist.
-11 years.

Question 11

community learning?

Answer 11

children serve as both teachers and learners.
* Frequently used in classrooms to improve learning and to increase responsibility and respect for others.

Question 12

Self-concept?

Answer 12

is a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge
about us.

Question 13

strange situation?

Answer 13

a measure of attachment in young
children, mother and stranger.

Question 14

attachment styles: secure

Answer 14

The child explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger

Question 15

attachment styles: ambivalent

Answer 15

is wary about the situation and stays close/clings to the mother

Question 16

attachment styles: avoidant

Answer 16

will avoid the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. The child will not explore much

Question 17

attachment styles: disorganized

Answer 17

no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation — the
child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns, or the child may approach the mother but then freeze or fall to the floor.

Question 18

Longitudinal research designs?

Answer 18

Participants are followed and contacted over an extended period, often over multiple developmental stages

Question 19

Cross-sectional research design?

Answer 19

age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time.

Question 20

Parenting styles?

Answer 20

Parental behaviours that determine the nature of parent-child
interactions and that guide their interaction with the child.

Question 21

AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS?

Answer 21

• Demanding but not responsive.
• They impose rules and expect obedience, tending to give orders (“Eat your food!”) and enforcing their commands with rewards and punishment.

Question 22

PERMISSIVE PARENTS?

Answer 22

• Tend to make few demands and give little punishment.
• They are responsive as they generally allow their children to make their own rules.

Question 23

AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS?

Answer 23

• Tend to be demanding (“You must be home by curfew”).
• However, they are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child (“Let’s discuss what an appropriate curfew might be”).
• They set rules and enforce them, but they also explain and discuss the reasons behind the rules.
  -the most affective parenting style.

Question 24

REJECTING-NEGLECTING PARENTS?

Answer 24

• They are undemanding and unresponsive overall.