Chapter #14 Flashcards
what is habituation?
refers to the decreased responsiveness toward a stimulus after it has been presented numerous times in succession.
what are Schemas?
patterns of knowledge in long-term memory.
- Help children remember, organize, and respond to information
what is assimilation?
uses already developed schemas to understand new information.
what is accommodation?
learning new information and changing the schema.
Object permanence?
refers to the child’s ability to know that an object exists even when the object cannot be perceived.
* Develops around 8 months of age.
Preoperational stage?
begins around age two and lasts until about 7 years old.
-Children begin to use language and to think more abstractly about objects, with capacity to form mental images.
egocentric?
unable to see and understand other people’s viewpoints3
theory of mind?
The ability to take another person’s viewpoint. after the age of 4.
* Increases rapidly during the preoperational stage.
Concrete operational stage?
years 7-11
-develops time, space and numbers.
Formal operational stage?
They learn to use deductive reasoning, such as “if this, then that,” and they become capable of imagining situations that “might be,” rather than just those that exist.
-11 years.
community learning?
children serve as both teachers and learners.
* Frequently used in classrooms to improve learning and to increase responsibility and respect for others.
Self-concept?
is a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge
about us.
strange situation?
a measure of attachment in young
children, mother and stranger.
attachment styles: secure
The child explores freely while the mother is present and engages with the stranger
attachment styles: ambivalent
is wary about the situation and stays close/clings to the mother
attachment styles: avoidant
will avoid the mother, showing little emotion when the mother departs or returns. The child will not explore much
attachment styles: disorganized
no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation — the
child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns, or the child may approach the mother but then freeze or fall to the floor.
Longitudinal research designs?
Participants are followed and contacted over an extended period, often over multiple developmental stages
Cross-sectional research design?
age comparisons are made between samples of different people at different ages at one time.
Parenting styles?
Parental behaviours that determine the nature of parent-child
interactions and that guide their interaction with the child.
AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS?
- Demanding but not responsive.
- They impose rules and expect obedience, tending to give orders (“Eat your food!”) and enforcing their commands with rewards and punishment.
PERMISSIVE PARENTS?
- Tend to make few demands and give little punishment.
- They are responsive as they generally allow their children to make their own rules.
AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS?
- Tend to be demanding (“You must be home by curfew”).
- However, they are also responsive to the needs and opinions of the child (“Let’s discuss what an appropriate curfew might be”).
- They set rules and enforce them, but they also explain and discuss the reasons behind the rules.
-the most affective parenting style.
REJECTING-NEGLECTING PARENTS?
- They are undemanding and unresponsive overall.
