Chapter 14,15,17,19

Question 1

Okazaki fragments and how they are generated

Answer 1

Okazaki fragments are completed DNA fragments on the lagging strand. The fragments are a result of DNA polymerase only being capable to run 5’-3’.

Question 2

Process of how a DNA segment is turned into a polypeptide

Answer 2

DNA is transcribed into RNA , mRNA takes the chain to a ribosome where tRNA translates it into a polypeptide chain

Question 3

How can 25,000 human genes code for 3-4 times as many proteins

Answer 3

Alternative splicing

Each splicing of mRNA has different exons

Question 4

Describe at least three types of mutations

Answer 4

Nonsense
a base substitution where the amino acid is changed into a stop codon
Missense
a base substitution where the amino acid is changed in a protein
Frameshift
a base is removed which alters the grouping of codons

Question 5

How herbicide-resistant and insect resistant plants are formed

Answer 5

They are genetically modified by inserting herbicide resistant DNA into the plant’s DNA.

Question 6

4 types of stem cells and what they give rise to?

Answer 6

Multipotent
A limited number of cells can come from it
Tolipotent
Any type of cell can be made
Unipotent
Only gives rise to one type of cells 
Pluripotent 
Only give rise to cells in an adult organism's body

Question 7

Disadvantages of reproductive cloning in livestock and why

Answer 7

3-5% of stem cells taken from on animal will actually make it far enough to reproduce a clone