Chapter 14

Question 1

What kind of sampling does most of psychology research rely on?

Answer 1

convenience samples

Question 2

What are convenience samples?

Answer 2

when people are selected simply because they are available and willing.

Question 3

what characteristics do first and second year university students typically have?

Answer 3

they tend to be young and tend to possess the characteristics of late adolescence: a devloping sense of identity, social and political attitudes are in a state of flux, a high need for peer approval, and unstable peer relations.

They are also intelligent, have good cognitive skills, and know how to win approval from authority

Question 4

What does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 4

Western, Educated, Indistrialized, Rich, and Democratic.

Question 5

How have volunteers been shown to differ from non volunteers?

Answer 5

volunteers tend o be more educated, more in neeed of approval, and more social. tend to have higher levels of trait conscientiousness and lower levels of trait neuroticism.

Question 6

Do study titles seem to influence who signs up?

Answer 6

yes.

Question 7

Who do studies who offer financial compensation tend to attract?

Answer 7

less altruistic participants

Question 8

Who do studies who offer course credit tend to attract?

Answer 8

less-motivated participants.

Question 8

Should you assume that results studied on one gender generalize across genders?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

What cultural perspective does psych research remain grounded in?

Answer 9

western.

Question 10

What has much of cross cultural research focused on thus far?

Answer 10

identfying cross-cultural similarities and differences in response to the same environments, along with personality and other characteristics.

Question 11

What aspect of validity must we reconsider when studying a different culture?

Answer 11

construct validity

Question 12

is it possible that results found ith only one experiment cannot be generalized to other types of experimenters. What characteristics may be important?

Answer 12

Yes.

personality, gender, amount of practice in the role of experimenrer.

Question 13

is it true that participants ae more cooperative and productive when experimenters are dressed in accordance with stereotypical gender roles?

Answer 13

yes.

Question 14

What are solution to the problem of generalizing across experimenters?

Answer 14

using two or more experimenters with different characteristics. or using. computer

Question 15

Can pretests impact generalizability?

Answer 15

yes. results may notgeneralize to people who didnt recieve a pretest.

Question 16

can internal valdiity conflict with external validity?

Answer 16

yes. artificialiy of lab can prevent generalizability of results.

Question 17

do lab and field experiments often find similar results? when is this not the case?

Answer 17

yes.

when the effect sizes reported were small, the correspondence between lab and field studies was poor,

Question 18

what is replication?

Answer 18

Repeating a study to see if one observes the same result, to increase confidence in that result or demonstrate that it is not systematically observable.

Question 19

What is a direct replication?

Answer 19

An attempted replication of a study following the same procedures that were used in the original research as closely as possible.

Question 20

Why do researchers attempt to directly replicate their own work?

Answer 20

when the results form their initial study was unexpected or based on small samples.

Question 21

WHat is direct replication crucial for?

Answer 21

detemrining whether an original finding can generalize to other samples drawn form the same population.

Question 22

do researchers sometimes do a direct replication to make sure that they understand the procedures and can obtain the same result and then expand on the research with a novel study? What is this called.

Answer 22

yes.

a replication and extension.

Question 23

does a single failure to replicate mean that the original phenomenon doesn’t exist?

Answer 23

no.

Question 24

what coulf a failure to replicate mean?

Answer 24

could mean the original results are invalid could also mean the replication attempt was flawed.

Question 25

What is conceptual replication?

Answer 25

An attempted replication of past research using different procedures than the original study, such as a different dependent measure or different manipulation.

Question 26

What deisgn can you use to test whether findings can be generlaized to people of different populations, ages , cultures etc?

Answer 26

facotrial designs.

Question 27

can animal studies be subject to lack of generlaizability?

Answer 27

yes test on different species.

Question 28

Reread heading under examine the influence of gorup membership using facotrial designs.

Question 29

How can researchers address generalization issues that stem form the use of different populations?

Answer 29

by including variables such as age or cultural background in a factorial design.

Question 30

What is a literature review?

Answer 30

A narrative summary of the past research conducted on a particular topic.

Question 31

what is metanalysis?

Answer 31

A statistical procedure for combining the results of many past studies in order to provide an estimate of the effect-size for this general phenomenon. Can often reconcile mixed findings in the researhc.

Question 32

what is one benefit of a metanalysis over a literature review?

Answer 32

a single conclusion is evident, in the form of an estimation of the effect size.

Question 33

Can metanalysis apply to qualitative studies?

Answer 33

no because metanalysis is quantitative in nautre.

Question 34

FINSIH READING CHAPTER 14 FROM PAGE 289 ONWARDS