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MIS 301 Semester 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The physical components of information technology, which can include the computer itself plus peripherals such as storage devices, input devices like the mouse and keyboard, output devices like monitors and printers, networking equipment, and so on.

A

computer hardware

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2
Q

Includes desktop applications, enterprise software, utilities, and other programs that perform specific tasks for users and organizations.

A

applications

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3
Q

The software that controls the computer hardware and establishes standards for developing and executing applications.

A

operating system

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4
Q

A computer program or a collection of programs. It is a precise set of instructions that tells hardware what to do.

A

software

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5
Q

The mechanism through which users interact with a computing device. The UI includes elements of the graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced “gooey”), such as windows, scroll bars, buttons, menus, and dialogue boxes; and can also include other forms of interaction, such as touch screens, motion sensing controllers, or tactile devices used by the visually impaired.

A

user interface (UI)

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6
Q

Software stored on nonvolatile memory chips (as opposed to being stored on devices such as hard drives or removable discs). Despite the seemingly permanent nature of firmware, many products allow for firmware to be upgraded online or by connecting to another device.

A

firmware

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7
Q

Special-purpose software designed and included inside physical products (often on firmware). Embedded systems help make devices “smarter,” sharing usage information, helping diagnose problems, indicating maintenance schedules, providing alerts, or enabling devices to take orders from other systems.

A

embedded systems

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8
Q

Systems used to support customer-related sales and marketing activities.

A

customer relationship management (CRM)

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9
Q

A software product offered commercially by a third party.

A

software package

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10
Q

A software package that integrates the many functions (accounting, finance, inventory management, human resources, etc.) of a business.

A

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

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11
Q

Sometimes referred to as database software; software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data.

A

database management system (DBMS)

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12
Q

Systems that use data created by other systems to provide reporting and analysis for organizational decision-making.

A

business intelligence (BI) systems

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13
Q

Applications installed on a personal computer, typically supporting tasks performed by a single user.

A

desktop software

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14
Q

Products and services that allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods. Windows, iOS, Android, and the standards that allow users to create Facebook apps are all platforms.

A

platforms

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15
Q

Applications that address the needs of multiple users throughout an organization or work group.

A

enterprise software

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16
Q

Systems that can help a firm manage aspects of its value chain, from the flow of raw materials into the firm, through delivery of finished products and services at the point-of-consumption.

A

supply chain management (SCM)

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17
Q

A form of computing where systems in different locations communicate and collaborate to complete a task.

A

distributed computing

18
Q

A tagging language that can be used to identify data fields made available for use by other applications. Most APIs and Web services send messages where the data exchanged is wrapped in identifying XML tags.

A

extensible markup language (XML)

19
Q

A set of standards for exchanging messages containing formatted data between computer applications.

A

EDI (electronic data interchange)

20
Q

Programming hooks, or guidelines, published by firms that tell other programs how to get a service to perform a task such as send or receive data. For example, Amazon.com provides APIs to let developers write their own applications and websites that can send the firm orders.

A

APIs

21
Q

A program that fulfills the requests of a client.

A

server

22
Q

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)—a popular data interchange format, JSON is a technology standard often used to format data when being sent or received via APIs.

A

JSON

23
Q

A software program that makes requests of a server program.

A

client

24
Q

A robust set of Web services built around an organization’s processes and procedures.

A

service-oriented architecture (SOA)

25
Q

Small pieces of code that are accessed via the application server, and permit interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.

A

Web services

26
Q

Software that houses and serves business logic for use (and reuse) by multiple applications.

A

application server

27
Q

A programming language, initially developed by Sun Microsystems, designed to provide true platform independence (“write once, run anywhere”) for application developers. In most cases, Java apps are developed to be executed by a Java Virtual Machine—an interpreting layer that translates code as it executes, into the format required by the operating system and microprocessor. Without Java, application developers have to write and compile software to execute natively by a specific operating system/microprocessor combination (e.g., Windows/Intel, Linux PowerPC, Mac/Intel, Linux/Intel).

A

Java

28
Q

Languages where each line of written code is converted (by a software program, called an “interpreter”) for execution at run-time. Most scripting languages are interpreted languages. Many programmers also write Java applications to be interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine.

A

interpreted

29
Q

Step in which program code written in a language that humans can more easily understand, is then converted into a form (expressed in patterns of ones and zeros) that can be understood and executed by a microprocessor. Programmers using conventional programming languages must compile their software before making it available for execution.

A

compile

30
Q

Programming tool that executes within an application. Scripting languages are interpreted within their applications, rather than compiled to run directly by a microprocessor.

A

scripting languages

31
Q

An application that includes an editor (a sort of programmer’s word processor), debugger, and compiler, among other tools.

A

integrated development environment (IDE)

32
Q

Provides the standards, syntax, statements, and instructions for writing computer software.

A

programming language

33
Q

An expansion of the scope of a project.

A

feature creep

34
Q

An approach to organizing and managing agile projects that breaks deliverables into “sprints” delivered in one- to six-week increments by teams of fewer than ten. Scrum defines functions (roles) for management and development, meetings (ceremonies), and how the process is documented and tracked (artifacts).

A

scrum

35
Q

A relatively linear sequential approach to software development (and other projects). Benefits include surfacing requirements up front and creating a blueprint to follow throughout a project. Often criticized for being too rigid, slow, and demanding project forethought that’s tough to completely identify early on.

A

waterfall method

36
Q

Developing work continually and iteratively, with a goal of more frequent product rollouts and constant improvement across smaller components of the larger project.

A

agile development

37
Q

Sometimes also referred to as the SDLC or software development life cycle—methods to divide tasks related to software creation and deployment up into tasks targeted at building better products with stronger product management guidelines and techniques.

A

software development methodologies

38
Q

An economic measure of the full cost of owning a product (typically computing hardware and/or software). TCO includes direct costs such as purchase price, plus indirect costs such as training, support, and maintenance.

A

total cost of ownership

39
Q

A process-improvement approach (useful for but not limited to software engineering projects) that can assist in assessing the maturity, quality, and development of certain organizational business processes, and suggest steps for their improvement.

A

capability maturity model integration (CMMI)

40
Q

Ensuring that an organization’s systems operate within required legal constraints, and industry and organizational obligations.

A

compliance

MIS 301 Semester 2 (7 decks)

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