chapter 14

Question 1

hereditary

Answer 1

error in the genetic code received by parents

Question 2

congenital

Answer 2

caused by drugs ( legal and illegal) exposures and infections

Question 3

nutritional

Answer 3

lack of some essential in diet

Question 4

degenerative

Answer 4

from aging

Question 5

endocrine

Answer 5

due to stress

Question 6

tumors

Answer 6

abnormal growth

Question 7

latorginc

Answer 7

caused by medical treatment ( gets from being in the hospital

Question 8

idiopathic

Answer 8

unknown cause

Question 9

healthcare-associated

Answer 9

acquire in health care setting

Question 10

what are the exceptions to and difficulties in satisfying Koch’s postulates

Answer 10

1. organisms that cannot be cultured in a lab
2. cofactors
   3.ethical considerations
3. polymicrobial infections
4. overlooked pathogens

Question 11

what areas does resident microbiota cover

Answer 11

only colonizes certain areas
help prevent diseases

Question 12

what is transient microbes

Answer 12

traveling or temporary

Question 13

what are opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 13

don’t cause diseases unless the opportunity is given
ex; staph

Question 14

portals of entry

Answer 14

sites where pathogens enter the body

Question 15

first portal of entry

Answer 15

is the skin

Question 16

second portal of entry

Answer 16

mucous membrane

Question 17

third portal of entry

Answer 17

placenta
if crosses the placenta it can affect the fetus

Question 18

parental is known for what type of portal

Answer 18

fake portal

Question 19

what is avirulent

Answer 19

non- diseases causing

Question 20

extracellular enzymes

Answer 20

help with the invasion of host tissues
immune system avoidance

Question 21

exotoxins

Answer 21

are produce by gram + and –
are highly toxic
3 types
( living bacteria)

Question 22

what are the 3 types of exotoxins

Answer 22

1. cytotoxins - attacks tissue
   2.neurotoxins- nerves brain
2. enterotoxin- Gi tract

Question 23

endotoxins

Answer 23

produce when gram - dies
low toxic
fatal in high doses
trigger inflammatory response
not protein so not useful in vaccines

Question 24

antiphagocytic

Answer 24

avoid the immune response
slow/prevent phygocytosis

Question 25

incidence

Answer 25

number of new cases in a population

Question 26

prevalence

Answer 26

total number of cases in a population

Question 27

endemic

Answer 27

constantly present in a population with a specific geographic region

Question 28

sporadic

Answer 28

cases are reposted at irregular incidences
tetanus rabies

Question 29

epidemic

Answer 29

disease is increasing beyond what is expected

Question 30

pandemic

Answer 30

epidemic across continents

Question 31

what is another word for health care acquired infections

Answer 31

nosecomials

Question 32

what is a zoonosis

Answer 32

disease transmitted from animal to human

Question 33

what are non-living resivoirs

Answer 33

live in soil and waters and food that can be contaminated