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PSYC 375 > Chapter 13_Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 13_Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep quality (decreases/increases) and sleep quantity (decreases/increases) with age.

A

decrease

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2
Q

How many hours of sleep should an average adult get?

A

7-8 hours

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3
Q

What is the primary measure of sleep? What does it measure?

A

EEG (electroencephalograph); measures cortical electrical activity

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4
Q

What do EMG and EOG measure?

A

EMG: muscle tone

EOG eye movements

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5
Q

What type of EEG pattern does wake state with low voltage and high frequency EEG show?
(15-30Hz)

A

Beta

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6
Q

When does EEG show an alpha pattern while awake?

A

Relaxed wakefulness; eyes closed

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7
Q

Describe the EEG output amplitude and frequency during relaxed wakefulness. What does this signify in terms of cortical neurons?

A

amplitude higher, frequency lower (7-10Hz)

indicates that membrane potentials of cortical neurons are becoming more synchronized

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8
Q

Slow Wave sleep is categorized as (REM/non-REM).

A

non-REM

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9
Q

What type of sleep is called paradoxical sleep?

A

REM sleep

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10
Q

Describe the progression of non-REM sleep stages in terms of their amplitude and frequency.

A

Progress from low amplitude/high frequency to high amplitude/low frequency.

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11
Q

How long does stage 1 sleep last? What is the frequency like in this stage?

A

several minutes

slower but mixed frequency

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12
Q

During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? What is their frequency?

A

Stage 2; 12-14Hz

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13
Q

What are the very high amplitude complexes that are seen on a sleet stage 2 EEG?

A

K-complexes

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14
Q

Which stage of sleep are delta waves characteristic of? What is their frequency?

A

Stages 3&4

0.5-2Hz

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15
Q

During which stage of sleep does the EEG resemble that of a wakeful state?

A

REM slep

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16
Q

What are REMs?

A

rapid saccadic eye movements

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17
Q

During which stage of sleep do dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

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18
Q

Which muscles shut off during REM sleep? Which muscle movements still continue?

A

Antigravity muscles shut off.

Some movement: eye muscles, muscles in middle ear, diaphragm, some twitching in postural muscles

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19
Q

How long is a typical sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

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20
Q

The first half of sleep is predominated by _______ and the second half is predominated by _______.

A

SWS; REM

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21
Q

Compare breathing patterns in stage 4 sleep and REM sleep.

A

stage 4: rhythmic breathing

REM: rapid & shallow breathing

22
Q

Why are dreams difficult to remember the next day?

A

memory function is impaired

23
Q

What allows for energy conservation during sleep?

A

inactivity, low brain activity during NREM, body temperature drop

24
Q

In general predators sleep (more/less) than prey.

25
How do the dolphins of the Indus river sleep?
maintain sleep only one hemisphere at a time
26
The world record for not sleeping is 11 days. How is sleep made up after?
SWS first, then rebound in REM
27
What is the effect of total sleep loss in rats?
die after 4 weeks; metabolism affected
28
What is a hormone that is released at night?
Growth hormone
29
What are some points of evidence supporting the idea that sleep is needed for memory storage?
1) circuits activated during training are activated during REM 2) birds learning new song show auditory area activation in REM 3) REM deprivation decreases performance on learned tasks
30
What are some points of evidence against the idea that sleep is needed for memory storage?
1) people without REM have normal IQ 2) antidepressants suppress REM; normal IQ 3) babies have high REM but no memories 4) sloths sleep a lot, not intelligent 5) dolphins have very little REM sleep, very inteligent
31
What are four reasons postulated for why we sleep? (bullet points)
1) Energy conservation 2) Danger avoidance 3) Restorative process 4) Memory storage
32
How do we now that all sleep stages are mediated by brain structures?
enchéphale isolé | cut b/w medulla & spinal cord
33
Which part of the brain is not needed for SWS?
forebrain
34
Where do we cut in cerveau isolé?
b/w/ hindbrain and forebrain
35
Which brain structure is needed for REM and wake, but not for SWS?
hindbrain
36
What happens when the forebrain sleep centre (in the basal forebrain) is lesioned? What about when it is stimulated?
lesion: constant wake-like EEG stimulate: SWS EEG
37
What type of neurons are present within the RAS?
cholinergic
38
Which stage of sleep do antidepressants suppress?
REM
39
There exist three wake active systems that modulate sleep. Identify them & the neurotransmitters present within them. (serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine)
Raphe: serotonin Locus Coeruleus: norepinephrine Tuberomammilary nucleus of the hypothalamus: histamine
40
Which neurotransmitter is highly active in both REM and wakefulness?
acetylcholine
41
What is another name for hypocretin? Where is it found?
orexin | found in dorsolateral hypothalamus
42
Where does orexin project to, and what does it do?
It projects to wake centres of brain and activates them. It also projects to the cortex and promotes arousal.
43
What is the main arousal system of the brain?
Reticular activating system
44
What does general anesthesia mimic?
forebrain sleep centre and the GABAergic neurons therein that suppress activity of many brain areas
45
What is the sleep-promoting region of the brain, which inhibits activity of wake-promoting regions?
The VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus) releases GABA, inhibits wake promoting regions (tuberomammilary, raphe, locus coeruleus, RAS) and leeds to sleep.
46
Where in the forebrain is the forebrain sleep centre?
basal forebrain
47
Where in the brain is the VLPO located?
hypothalamus
48
Which sleep/wake related regions are in the hypothalamus?
VLPO, HO cells (hypocretin), tuberomammilary nucleus
49
Which sleep/wake related regions are in the brainstem?
Raphe nuclei, Locus coeruleus, cholinergic nuclei
50
Where are the REM active areas located?
areas of Pons ventral to locus coeruleus
51
What happens when a lesion is induced just below the REM active areas in the Pons?
REM atonia is eliminated.

PSYC 375 (2 decks)

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