Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 375 > Chapter 13_Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 13_Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep quality (decreases/increases) and sleep quantity (decreases/increases) with age.

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many hours of sleep should an average adult get?

A

7-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the primary measure of sleep? What does it measure?

A

EEG (electroencephalograph); measures cortical electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do EMG and EOG measure?

A

EMG: muscle tone

EOG eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of EEG pattern does wake state with low voltage and high frequency EEG show?
(15-30Hz)

A

Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does EEG show an alpha pattern while awake?

A

Relaxed wakefulness; eyes closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the EEG output amplitude and frequency during relaxed wakefulness. What does this signify in terms of cortical neurons?

A

amplitude higher, frequency lower (7-10Hz)

indicates that membrane potentials of cortical neurons are becoming more synchronized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Slow Wave sleep is categorized as (REM/non-REM).

A

non-REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of sleep is called paradoxical sleep?

A

REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the progression of non-REM sleep stages in terms of their amplitude and frequency.

A

Progress from low amplitude/high frequency to high amplitude/low frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long does stage 1 sleep last? What is the frequency like in this stage?

A

several minutes

slower but mixed frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During which stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? What is their frequency?

A

Stage 2; 12-14Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the very high amplitude complexes that are seen on a sleet stage 2 EEG?

A

K-complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which stage of sleep are delta waves characteristic of? What is their frequency?

A

Stages 3&4

0.5-2Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

During which stage of sleep does the EEG resemble that of a wakeful state?

A

REM slep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are REMs?

A

rapid saccadic eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During which stage of sleep do dreams occur?

A

REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which muscles shut off during REM sleep? Which muscle movements still continue?

A

Antigravity muscles shut off.

Some movement: eye muscles, muscles in middle ear, diaphragm, some twitching in postural muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long is a typical sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The first half of sleep is predominated by _______ and the second half is predominated by _______.

A

SWS; REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare breathing patterns in stage 4 sleep and REM sleep.

A

stage 4: rhythmic breathing

REM: rapid & shallow breathing

22
Q

Why are dreams difficult to remember the next day?

A

memory function is impaired

23
Q

What allows for energy conservation during sleep?

A

inactivity, low brain activity during NREM, body temperature drop

24
Q

In general predators sleep (more/less) than prey.

A

more

25
Q

How do the dolphins of the Indus river sleep?

A

maintain sleep only one hemisphere at a time

26
Q

The world record for not sleeping is 11 days. How is sleep made up after?

A

SWS first, then rebound in REM

27
Q

What is the effect of total sleep loss in rats?

A

die after 4 weeks; metabolism affected

28
Q

What is a hormone that is released at night?

A

Growth hormone

29
Q

What are some points of evidence supporting the idea that sleep is needed for memory storage?

A

1) circuits activated during training are activated during REM
2) birds learning new song show auditory area activation in REM
3) REM deprivation decreases performance on learned tasks

30
Q

What are some points of evidence against the idea that sleep is needed for memory storage?

A

1) people without REM have normal IQ
2) antidepressants suppress REM; normal IQ
3) babies have high REM but no memories
4) sloths sleep a lot, not intelligent
5) dolphins have very little REM sleep, very inteligent

31
Q

What are four reasons postulated for why we sleep? (bullet points)

A

1) Energy conservation
2) Danger avoidance
3) Restorative process
4) Memory storage

32
Q

How do we now that all sleep stages are mediated by brain structures?

A

enchéphale isolé

cut b/w medulla & spinal cord

33
Q

Which part of the brain is not needed for SWS?

A

forebrain

34
Q

Where do we cut in cerveau isolé?

A

b/w/ hindbrain and forebrain

35
Q

Which brain structure is needed for REM and wake, but not for SWS?

A

hindbrain

36
Q

What happens when the forebrain sleep centre (in the basal forebrain) is lesioned? What about when it is stimulated?

A

lesion: constant wake-like EEG
stimulate: SWS EEG

37
Q

What type of neurons are present within the RAS?

A

cholinergic

38
Q

Which stage of sleep do antidepressants suppress?

A

REM

39
Q

There exist three wake active systems that modulate sleep. Identify them & the neurotransmitters present within them.
(serotonin, histamine, norepinephrine)

A

Raphe: serotonin
Locus Coeruleus: norepinephrine
Tuberomammilary nucleus of the hypothalamus: histamine

40
Q

Which neurotransmitter is highly active in both REM and wakefulness?

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

What is another name for hypocretin? Where is it found?

A

orexin

found in dorsolateral hypothalamus

42
Q

Where does orexin project to, and what does it do?

A

It projects to wake centres of brain and activates them. It also projects to the cortex and promotes arousal.

43
Q

What is the main arousal system of the brain?

A

Reticular activating system

44
Q

What does general anesthesia mimic?

A

forebrain sleep centre and the GABAergic neurons therein that suppress activity of many brain areas

45
Q

What is the sleep-promoting region of the brain, which inhibits activity of wake-promoting regions?

A

The VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus) releases GABA, inhibits wake promoting regions (tuberomammilary, raphe, locus coeruleus, RAS) and leeds to sleep.

46
Q

Where in the forebrain is the forebrain sleep centre?

A

basal forebrain

47
Q

Where in the brain is the VLPO located?

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

Which sleep/wake related regions are in the hypothalamus?

A

VLPO, HO cells (hypocretin), tuberomammilary nucleus

49
Q

Which sleep/wake related regions are in the brainstem?

A

Raphe nuclei, Locus coeruleus, cholinergic nuclei

50
Q

Where are the REM active areas located?

A

areas of Pons ventral to locus coeruleus

51
Q

What happens when a lesion is induced just below the REM active areas in the Pons?

A

REM atonia is eliminated.

PSYC 375 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions