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Microbiology225 > chapter 13.3 and 4 > Flashcards

chapter 13.3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community

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2
Q

An epidemiologist collects clues as to the_______ of diesease in a community

A

Causative agent
Pathology
Modes of transmission
Numbers and distribution

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3
Q

For an infectious agent to continue to exist and be spread

A

It must have a permanent place to reside

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4
Q

Define reservoir

A

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

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5
Q

Define source

A

The person or object from which an infection is acquired

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6
Q

Define Carrier

A

Someone who asymptotically harbors infectious and unknowingly spreads the infection

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7
Q

Convalescent carriers

A

Can transmit infections even after symptoms have subsided

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8
Q

Chronic carrier

A

A person who continues to harbor an infectious agent long after they have recovered

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9
Q

Define passive carrier

A

People who mechanically transfer a pathogen without ever being infected by it (healthcare workers).

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10
Q

The majority of vectors are

A

Arthropods

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11
Q

A biological vector

A

Is a vector that actively participates in the pathogens life cycle. The animal itself is infected

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12
Q

A mechanical vector

A

Is not infected with the pathogen it simply transports infected material to the person

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13
Q

Define zoonosis

A

An infection indigenous to animals but can be naturally transmitted to humans

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14
Q

Zoonoses account for _________ percent of emerging diseases worldwide

A

70

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15
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Can be transmitted from one infected person to another

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16
Q

It is not the disease that is communicated but the

A

Microbe

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17
Q

Contagious

A

Readily communicable

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18
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be spread horizontally

A

The disease is transmitted from one infected individual to another

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19
Q

What does it mean for a disease to be spread vertically

A

From parent to offspring via ovum, sperm, placenta, or milk

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20
Q

For microbes to be directly transferred

A

Some type of contact must be made between the skin or mucous membranes of the infected person and those of the infectee

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21
Q

In direct transmission the portal of exit and the portal of entry meet without

A

The involvement of an intermediate object or substance

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22
Q

Obligate parasites cannot survive long without a host so they must be transmitted

A

Directly

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23
Q

For an infection to be indirectly transmitted

A

The pathogen must go from one host to an intermediate conveyor to a new host.

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24
Q

Define vehicle

A

Any inanimate object commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious diseases

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25
Q

A common vehicle or source

A

A single material that serves as a source for many individuals

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26
Q

A fomite is

A

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen

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27
Q

The oral fecal route

A

A special category in which a vehicle contacts fecal matter and is then transported to someone’s mouth.

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28
Q

Outdoor air

A

Cannot provide nutrients needed for most microbes to survive so it is less likely to transmit airborne pathogens

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29
Q

Indoor air can be an important medium for microbial transmission via

A

Droplet nuclei and aerosols

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30
Q

Droplet nuclei

A

Dried microscopic residues created when tiny pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose

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31
Q

Aerosols

A

Suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles in the air that contain live pathogens

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32
Q

Define epidemiological surveillance

A

Collecting,analyzing, and reporting data on occurrence, mortality, morbidity, and transmission of infections.

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33
Q

Reportable disease

A

Diseases that must be reported to health authorities by law.

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34
Q

Notifiable diseases

A

Are reported on a voluntary basis

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35
Q

CDC

A

The principal government agency responsible for keeping track of diseases nationwide.

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36
Q

Why are many diseases considered underreported

A

Because the symptoms of many individuals are so mild that they will not interact with the healthcare system

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37
Q

Prevalence

A

The accumulated total of existing cases of a disease with respect to the entire population

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38
Q

Incidence

A

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period as compared with the general population

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39
Q

How do you calculate prevalence

A

Total number of cases in population
_____________________________________

Total number of people in the population

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40
Q

How do you calculate incidence

A

Number of new cases
____________________________________

Total number of susceptible people

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41
Q

Statistics of concern to epidemiologists are

A

The rates of disease with regard to sex, race, or geographic region

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42
Q

Mortality rate

A

Measures the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease.

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43
Q

Morbidly rate

A

The number of persons afflicted by infectious diseases

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44
Q

Endemic diseases

A

An infectious disease that exhibits a steady and predictable frequency over a long period of time

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45
Q

The reason for endemic out is often

A

A reservoir that is restricted to that location

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46
Q

For a disease to be considered sporadic

A

Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in widely dispersed locations

47
Q

Epidemic

A

A sudden and simultaneous increase in the number of infections of a certain disease in a community

48
Q

Outbreak

A

An epidemic but on a smaller scale in a more limited area

49
Q

One useful way to analyze data from outbreaks is to

A

Graph the number of cases over time in an epicurve format.

50
Q

A point source epidemic indicates that

A

The infectious agent came from a single source simultaneously

51
Q

A point source epidemic on a graph looks like

A

The curve begins abruptly and slowly diminishes.

52
Q

A common source epidemic occurs when

A

All cases come from exposure to the same source which continues to infect others overtime

53
Q

The epicurve for a common source epidemic

A

Has irregular peaks corresponding to the timing and extent of exposure

54
Q

A propagated epidemic occurs when

A

A disease is transmitted from person to person

55
Q

The epicurve in a propagated epidemic shows

A

A sustained increase over time

56
Q

Define index case

A

The first case to bring the infection or disease to the attention of medical authorities

57
Q

Infections that are acquired during a stay in the hospital are

A

Healthcare associated infections

58
Q

Why are healthcare acquired infections so common

A

Hospitals attract people with weakened immunity and some treatments compromise immunity so opportunistic infections are more likely in these individuals

59
Q

Since anti microbial drugs are often used in hospitals

A

Many of the pathogens in hospitals develop drug resistance

60
Q

Medical asepsis includes practices that

A

Lower the microbial load in patients caregivers and the environment

61
Q

What is the role of an infection control officer?

A

Tracking potential outbreaks, identifying breaches in asepsis, training other workers in aseptic technique.

62
Q

Standard precautions

A

Guidelines for health care workers that prevent transmission of disease when handling patients and body substances

63
Q

To protect the body against pathogens the immune system relies on

A

An overlapping network of host defenses that operate on several levels

64
Q

Host defenses can be either

A

Innate natural defenses that nonspecific resistance to infection or adaptive immunities that are specific and must be acquired

65
Q

The levels of of protection are divided into these three categories

A

First, second and third line of defense

66
Q

The first line of defense includes

A

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry

67
Q

The first line of defense includes

A

Physical chemical and genetic barriers

68
Q

Physical barriers for the first line of defense include

A

Skin tears coughing and sneezing

69
Q

Chemical barriers of the first line of defense include

A

Low pH, lysosomes, and digestive enzymes

70
Q

Describe genetic barriers of the first line of defense

A

Resistance inherent in the genetic makeup of the host

71
Q

The first line of defense is not a true immune response because

A

It doesn’t involve the recognition of a specific foreign substance

72
Q

The second line of defense

A

Is a more internalized system of protective cells and fluids

73
Q

What are some examples of the second line of defense

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon, complement

74
Q

The highly specific third line of defense is

A

Adaptive and acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes

75
Q

The mucocutaneous membranes of the digestive, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and of the eye are

A

Moist and permeable

76
Q

What are some ways pathogens are kept out of the body

A

Tear production, mucous, saliva, vomiting, defecation

77
Q

What are some adaptations of the respiratory system that protect the body from infection

A

Nasal hair, cilia, sneezing and coughing

78
Q

The urinary tract and ureters are protected by

A

Flushing microbes as urine moves through the ducts

79
Q

The normal microbiota can protect the body by

A

Competing with pathogens for food, taking up real estate on the epithelial linings, or by secreting antibiotics that kill pathogens

80
Q

Sebaceous secretions

A

Exert an anti microbial effect

81
Q

Specialized glands like the meibomian glands of the eyelid

A

Lubricate the conjunctiva with an anti microbial secretion

82
Q

Lysozyme is

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria

83
Q

Defensins are

A

Peptides produced by various cells or tissues that damage cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi

84
Q

Many digestive juices, semen, and the vagina

A

Have a pH that is inhibitory to microbial growth

85
Q

The genetic makeup of an individual

A

Can make some people less or more susceptible to certain diseases.

86
Q

Other than zoonosis genetic differences

A

Keep us from getting the same diseases as animals

87
Q

What factors put people at a higher risk for infection

A

Burns, blockages in salivary or sweat glands, tear ducts, intestines or the urinary tract.

88
Q

Immunology encompasses

A

The study of all of the features of the body’s second and third lines of defense

89
Q

The primary functions of a healthy immune system

A

1.Surveillance of organs, tissues, or other compartments.
2. Recognition and differentiation of normal components of the body and foreign material.
3. Attack against and destruction of foreign invaders

90
Q

Cells of the immune system

A

constantly move throughout the body looking for potential pathogens

91
Q

Leukocytes

A

Have innate ability to recognize and differentiate any foreign material called non self and cells of the body called self

92
Q

Normal cells of the body called self

A

Usually don’t get attacked by host defenses

93
Q

Describe white blood cells

A

Migratory, motile cells that move throughout the body looking for any non self that got through the first line of defense

94
Q

Define pattern recognition receptors

A

Molecules on WBC membranes that allow them to sense pathogens

95
Q

Toll like receptors

A

Reside on the cell membranes of phagocytes

96
Q

Pattern recognition receptors like toll like receptors can

A

Interact with molecules on the surfaces of many pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns

97
Q

PAMPs are

A

Molecules on the surface of many different pathogens that act like red flags to WBCs

98
Q

Examples of PAMPs include

A

Peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, lipopolysaccharides from bacterial cell walls, double stranded RNA from viruses, zymosan from fungal cell walls, and bacterial flagella.

99
Q

The recognition of microbes based on PAMPs is

A

Non specific because PAMPs belong to a very wide variety of microbes. This makes it a part of innate immunity and it is not a part of the specific third line of defense.

100
Q

The immune system does not exist in a single well defined organ rather

A

It encompasses a large diffuse network of cells and fluids that penetrate into every organ and tissue.

101
Q

The most extensive body compartments that participate in immune function are

A
  1. The mononuclear phagocyte system
  2. The spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain ECF
  3. The bloodstream
  4. The lymphatic system
102
Q

The mononuclear phagocyte system

A

allows white blood cells to pass through the connective tissue (reticular fibers) between cells.

103
Q

The circulatory system proper includes

A

The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that circulate blood and the lymphatic system

104
Q

The lymphatic system includes

A

Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs (lymph nodes) that circulate lymph

105
Q

The substance that courses through our veins is called

A

Whole blood

106
Q

Whole blood consists of

A

Blood cells suspended in plasma

107
Q

Serum is

A

Essentially the same as plasma except it is the clear fluid from clotted blood, so it lacks the clotting proteins that plasma contains

108
Q

Plasma is mostly

A

Water

109
Q

Plasma also contains

A

albumin and globulins, other immunochemicals, fibrinogen and other clotting factors, hormones, nutrients, ions, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, and waste products

110
Q

Hemopoiesis aka hematopoiesis

A

The production of red blood cells

111
Q

The relatively short lifespan of red blood cells means that

A

We must produce red blood cells constantly to replace worn out cells

112
Q

Pluripotential stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

113
Q

Leukocytes are divided into_______ and ________ based on appearance on a microscope after coming into contact with certain dyes

A

Granulocytes, agranulocytes

Microbiology225 (3 decks)

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