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Microbiology225 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of organisms too small to be seen without a microscope

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2
Q

What are six of the main types of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Algae

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3
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

An early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter.

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4
Q

What is Germ theory?

A

The theory that germs cause disease.

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5
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur?

A

He developed a method to kill microorganisms in food. A process called pasteurization.

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6
Q

Who was Robert Koch?

A

In late 1800’s early 1900’s he established germ theory as scientific fact.

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7
Q

Bacteria are classified as

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Prokaryotes do not have

A

A nucleus

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9
Q

Viruses are not

A

Cells

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10
Q

Viruses are classified as

Why are they classified that way?

A

Infectious particles

They are not cells

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11
Q

What are four main types of eukaryotic microorganisms?

A

Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
Algae

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have a nucleus

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13
Q

Name four of the main
branches of microbiology

A

Immunology
-Public health and epidemiology
-Biotechnology
-Genetic engineering and recumbent DNA

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14
Q

How long has bacteria like organisms existed on earth?

A

About 3.5 billion years

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15
Q

How long have eukaryotes existed on earth?

A

About 2 billion years

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16
Q

Describe the microbial structure of prokaryotes

A

They are microscopic, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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17
Q

Describe the microbial structure of eukaryotes

A

They can be unicellular, they are microscopic but can also be multicellular. They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

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18
Q

Describe the microbial structure of viruses

A

Acellular parasitic particles that are made of protein on the outside and nucleic acid on the inside.

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19
Q

Which of the following does not describe a fungus

A. Contains a nucleus
B. Has 80s ribosomes
C. Useful in decomposition
D. Is photosynthetic

A

D

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20
Q

Biotechnology

A

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms.

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21
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

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22
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem.

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23
Q

Describe the lifestyle of most microorganisms.

A

Most live a free existence, are relatively harmless and can be beneficial

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24
Q

Some microorganisms like parasites

A

Have a close association with other microorganisms.

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25
Q

Parasites

A

Live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.

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26
Q

Pathogens are

A

Microbes that do harm

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27
Q

About how many microbes cause diseases?

A

About 2,000

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28
Q

About how many infections are there per year worldwide?

A

About 10 Billion

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29
Q

About how many deaths from infections occur every year worldwide?

A

About 12 million

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30
Q

The most common type of infections are

A

Respiratory

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31
Q

How long has microbiology been a field of study?

A

Over 300 years

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32
Q

Prominent discoveries in microbiology include

A

Microscopy
The scientific method
Development of medical microbiology
Microbiology techniques

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33
Q

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

A

-Invented the microscope
-Was a Dutch linen merchant
-Was the first to observe living microbes
-his microscope magnified to 300X

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34
Q

What

A
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35
Q

What is the scientific method

A

The approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon

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36
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted

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37
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny.

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38
Q

Law or principle

A

A theory that is so compelling that it cannot be refuted

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39
Q

Louis Pasteur disproved

A

Spontaneous generation

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40
Q

Louis Pasteur proved

A

The theory of biogenesis

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41
Q

Theory of Biogenesis

A

The idea that living things can only arise from other living things.

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42
Q

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes observed

A

That mothers who did at home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

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43
Q

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Correlated infections with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to the maternity ward

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44
Q

Joseph lister

A

Introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections.

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45
Q

Joseph listers aseptic technique involved

A

Disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery

Use of heat for sterilization

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46
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Many diseases are caused by growth of microbes in the body

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47
Q

Who were the two main contributors to germ theory?

A

Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

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48
Q

What four things are Louis Pasteur known for

A
  • showing microbes cause fermentation and spoilage
  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • Developed Pasteurization
  • developed first rabies and anthrax vaccines
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49
Q

Robert Koch is known for

A

Established Koch’s postulates

Identified the cause of anthrax,TB, and cholera

Developed pure culture method

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50
Q

What are Koch’s postulates

A

A sequence of experimental steps that verified germ theory

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51
Q

Taxonomy

A

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things

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52
Q

The formal system of taxonomy was created by

A

Carl Von Linnè

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53
Q

Taxonomy concerns itself with

A

Classification

Nomenclature

Identification

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54
Q

Classification as it relates to taxonomy is

A

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups

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55
Q

Nomenclature as it relates to taxonomy is

A

Assigning names

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56
Q

Identification as it relates to taxonomy is

A

Determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes.

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57
Q

Levels of classification

A
  • domain
    -kingdom
  • phylum or division
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
58
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

59
Q

Archaea

A

Odd prokaryotic bacteria that lives in extreme environments like high heat or salt content

60
Q

Eukarya

A

Have a nucleus and organelles

61
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Gives each microbe 2 names

62
Q

In binomial nomenclature each microbe gets 2 names

A

Genus ( first name)

Species ( second name)

63
Q

Genus is always

Species is always

A

Uppercase

Lowercase

64
Q

In taxonomy the words for genus and species

A

Are either italicized or underlined

65
Q

Bacteriology

A

The study of bacteria: small single cell prokaryotic organisms

66
Q

Mycology

A

The study of fungi

67
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that include both microscopic ie mold and larger members like mushrooms

68
Q

Protozoology

A

The study of protozoa

69
Q

Protozoa

A

A group of mostly single cell eukaryotes

70
Q

Virology

A

The study of viruses

71
Q

Virus

A

Noncellular particles that parasitize cells

72
Q

Parasitology

A

The study of parasites traditionally including pathogenic protozoa helminth worms and certain insects

73
Q

Phycology or algology

A

The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes the algae ranging from single cell forms to large seaweeds

74
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the detailed structure of microorganisms

75
Q

Physiology

A

Investigation of organismal metabolism at the cellular and molecular levels

76
Q

Taxonomy

A

The classification, naming, and identification of microorganisms

77
Q

Microbial genetics and molecular biology

A

The study of the genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cells metabolism

78
Q

Microbial ecology

A

The interrelationships between microbes and the environment the roles of microorganisms in nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems

79
Q

Medical microbiology

A

Studies the effects of microorganisms on human beings

80
Q

Immunology

A

Studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities

81
Q

Biotechnology focuses on

A

The natural ability of microbes

82
Q

Genetic engineering focuses on

A

The alteration of the genetic makeup of microbes in order to make novel microbes

83
Q

Agricultural microbiology

A

Is concerned with the effects of microbes on domesticated plants and animals

84
Q

Food microbiologists

A

Study the effects of microbes on the food supply

85
Q

How long have bacteria like cells existed on earth

A

3.5 billion years

86
Q

About 1.8 billion years ago

A

Eukaryotic cells appeared

87
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized internal structures within cells

88
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

89
Q

Prokaryotes are typically

A

Single called organisms

90
Q

Few if any diseases are related to

A

Archaea

91
Q

Archaea and bacteria are

A

Very similar

92
Q

The most common microbes on earth

A

Viruses

93
Q

Viruses are not

A

Cells

94
Q

Viruses are

A

Small particles composed of a small amount of hereditary material and are surrounded by a protein coat

95
Q

Most microbiologists don’t consider viruses to be

A

Alive because they can’t reproduce on their own

96
Q

Prions consist of

A

Protein

97
Q

Prions are

A

Even simpler than viruses

98
Q

Most microorganisms are measured in

A

Micrometers
Nanometers
Millimeters

99
Q

Microbes are deeply involved in

A

The flow of energy and food through the earths ecosystems

100
Q

Photosynthetic microorganisms account for more than half of earths

A

Photosynthesis which contributes a majority of the oxygen to the atmosphere

101
Q

Decomposition

A

Involves the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things

102
Q

Microbes are responsible for the content of the earths

A

Soil
Water
Atmosphere

103
Q

Biotechnology

A

The manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

104
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

A technology that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses

105
Q

Bioremediation

A

Introducing microbes to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

106
Q

A majority of microorganisms are

A

Completely harmless and even essential for life as we know it

107
Q

Pathogen

A

Any agent that infects the body tissues and causes disease

108
Q

How many pathogens plague humanity

A

Nearly 1,500

109
Q

Emerging diseases

A

Newly identified conditions that are being reported in increasing numbers

110
Q

Since 1980

A

At least 90 novel infectious agents have arisen within the human population

111
Q

Pandemic diseases

A

Spread across continents

112
Q

Zoonoses

A

Infectious diseases native to animals that can be transmitted to humans

113
Q

Re-emerging diseases

A

We’ll known older diseases that are increasing in occurrence

114
Q

The only microbe that has been eliminated is

A

Smallpox

115
Q

A contributing factor to the spread of disease is

A

Our ability to travel more easily

116
Q

Another factor in the spread of disease is

A

Vectors such as fleas or ticks

117
Q

Many diseases that used to be considered non infectious have been linked to

A

Microbial infection

118
Q

The information obtained through the scientific method is

A

Explanatory and predictive

119
Q

Describe the deductive reasoning approach

A

A scientist uses general observation of a phenomenon and develops a set of facts to explain the phenomenon

120
Q

Hypotheses are based on

A

Scientific thought not superstition or myth

121
Q

Describe inductive reasoning

A

One applies specific observations to develop a general explanation

122
Q

Theory

A

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain a natural event

123
Q

Theories explain
Laws explain

A

Why things happen
How things happen

124
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Was the first to vaccinate people against disease

125
Q

Sterile

A

Completely free of all microbial life forms including spores and viruses

126
Q

Taxa

A

Taxonomic categories

127
Q

Phylogenetic

A

A classification system based on evolutionary relationships

128
Q

Classification

A

An orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships in history

129
Q

Identification

A

The process of using the specific characteristics and capabilities of an organism to determine the exact identity and placement in taxonomy

130
Q

Hierarchies

A

Levels of power
Arrangement in order of rank

131
Q

Specific epithet

A

Scientific name

132
Q

Binomial system

A

Two name system

133
Q

Phylogeny

A

The natural relatedness between groups of living things

134
Q

Morphology

A

The study of organismic structure

135
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of an organism

136
Q

Genetics

A

The study of inheritance of biological characteristics

137
Q

The two foundational premises for evolution

A

1 all new species originate from preexisting species
2 closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from a common ancestor

138
Q

Robert Whittaker

A

Developed a five kingdom system

139
Q

Archaea are characterized by

A

Their ability to thrive in harsh conditions

140
Q

The woese fox system

A

Represents the most accurate relationships between organisms

Microbiology225 (3 decks)

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