Chapter 13: Urban Geography Flashcards
What are LDC’s current migration pattern?
in-migration to cities
What are MDC’s current migration pattern?
MDC - lateral move
- urban to urban
- city to suburb
Where is Earth’s largest migration?
China - rural to urban (estimated 10,000,000 per year)
In how many years was Lusail built?
10 years
Who built Lusail?
Migrant Workers
- mostly from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh
Define Central City:
An urban settlement legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.
Define an Urbanized Area:
A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs
Define an Urban Area:
An area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
Define an Urban Cluster:
An urban area between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants
Define a CBD:
Central Business District - “downtown”
- usually less than 1% urban area
- Densely packed with Public, Consumer, and Business services
- very little industry or residential
What are the 3 components of a Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA)?
- an urban area(50,000+)
- The county within which the city is located
- Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central cities county
What is a Micropolitan Statistical Area (µSA)?
An urban area of between 2,500 and 49,999 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
How many Americans are living in µSAs?
10% of the population
How many Americans are living in MSAs?
84%
What is a Core-Based Statistical Area(CBSA)?
All MSA + All µSA in USA
What are Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs)?
2 or more MSAs and/or µSAs that are contiguous places
How much of the world is classified as urban?
1/2 of the world’s population
Define urban:
Any place with 2,500 people or more
Define Megacities:
Cities with 10 million residents or more
What are Squatter Settlements?
Settlements of displaced/homeless/poor people are usually placed on the periphery of the city
What are Urban Models?
Tools used by Geographers to study cities
What do Urban Models show?
- CBD
- Land use
- Transportation
- Suburbs
- Squatter Settlements
Who created the Concentric Zone Model?
E.W. Burgess in 1925
What is the pattern of land use in the Concentric Zone Model?
CBD in the center and Suburbs in the outer most ring
Who created the Sector Model?
Homer Hoyt in 1939
What is the type of land use used in the Sector Model?
Pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD
Who created the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Ullman and Harris in 1945
Land use of the Multiple Nuclei Model?
Downtown is not the only core CBD commercial land use
- Suburban downtowns and edge cities are other mini CBDs
Who created the European Model?
Combo: Mann(1965), Lawton(1973), and Hopkinson(1985)
Land use of the European Model?
Original CBD in the center
- Outer-ring = low-income apartment buildings and skyscrapers
Who created the Latin American Model?
Griffin and Ford
Land use of the Latin American Model?
From CBD to periphery
- Spine is a wide avenue or boulevard
- Constructed by Spanish and Portuguese after conquest of the natives
- CBD contains a Cathedral/Fortress
- Made from ruins of the Native city
Who created the Southeast Asian Model?
T.G. McGhee
Land use of the Southeast Asian Model?
A port is the central hub
- Middle-income housing mixed with squatters in the outer rings
Who created the Sub-Saharan City Model?
H. deBliji
Land use of the Southeast Asian Model?
Port is the central hub
Who created the Southwest Asia/Islamic Model?
Dettman in 1969
Land use of the Southwest Asia Model?
Main features is a modern service street and Great Mosque
- “old city” usually walled
- periodic market on the periphery
- squatters outside the ring
Describe Annexation:
Legally adding land area to a city
What are the pros and cons of Annexation?
Pro = better services, police/fire/trash
Cons = higher taxes
What is Flagpole?
Odd shape to add a particular place (proruption-like)
- ex: O’Hara in Chicago
Define Sprawl:
Rapid suburban growth
Define exurbs:
Suburbs not connected to cities or other suburbs
What is the reason behind urban sprawl?
- Car - dependent culture
- Desire for a suburban lifestyle
- And “WHITE FLIGHT”
Who created the Periphery model(Galactic City Model)?
Chauncey Harris in 1965
Land use in the Periphery Model?
- Features an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas
- connected by a beltway/ringed highway
- around the beltway are edge cities
What are edge cities?
Suburban nodes of high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels
- Mini-CBDs designed for auto-travel
Define the Density Gradient:
As you get further from the city the less dense/concentrated the population gets
What are some things happening because of sprawl?
- Agricultural land is lost
- Costly highways are built
- Longer commutes
- More Co2 pollution
What are Contemporary Suburban Trends?
How cities are evolving now
What are 4 ways to combat sprawl (Smart Growth)?
- Greenbelts
- Infill
- Gentrification
- Revitalization
What is Greenbelt?
planning permanent “green” around suburbs
- Parks
- Hiking Trails
What is Infill?
Tearing down urban “blight”(ugliness)
What is Gentrification?
Converting low-income innercity housing into upper-middle-class neighborhoods
- DINKs, empty-nesters, LGBTQ?+
What is Revitalization?
Building high-range/threshold services in CBD
What are Megalpolises?
When urban areas grow together
What are some Megalopolises in the US?
- BosWash Corridor
- Great Lakes
- New South
- SoCal
What are 3 reasons for suburban segregation?
- Suburbs are segregated by land use
- Suburbs are segregated due to the cost of housing
- Suburbs are segregated by race/ethnicity
Who created the Urban Realms Model?
James Vance in 1960s
Land use of the Urban Realms Model?
Each realm is separated
- Varied races
- and property cost/wealth
But all realms are linked together by highways to form one urban area
- Often there will be an airport shown in this model
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Urban Realms Model?
Disadvantage shown - sprawl
Advantage shown = cities can accommodate a growing population
What does the Transportation Model do?
Displays the growth of a city overtime
- Based on changes in transportation
Who created the Transportation Model?
John Adams in 1970
What percentage of Americans use public transit?
5%
Describe Rush Hour:
heaviest four consecutive 15-minute periods of traffic
What is the average number of miles Americans travel per day?
36 miles
How does the US government promote car-usage?
Making/maintaining highways
Low gas tax
Describe Inner-cities:
The area just outside the CBD
- Used to be nice family housing close to services
- Now old, dilapidated and poor
Describe Brownfields:
Polluted old industrial sites
Describe Greyfeilds:
closed stores, plazas, services
Describe the conditions of Inner-City housing.
Poor
- old
- crowded
- dirty
- Broken
- Crime/gangs/drugs
- multiple crummy apartments
Describe Public Housing:
Built by local/state/federal governments
How much must tenants pay for rent in Public housing?
30% on their income
What are 3 demographic stats gathered by the Census Bureau?
- Number of non-whites
- The median income of all families
- % of Adults who finished high school
2 contemporary criticisms of the 3 models?
- 2 Models are outdated (pre-WW2)
- Models are too simple
What was the 19th-century catalyst for the growth of suburbs?
Industrial Revolution
3 reasons for preserving rural land?
- Agriculture
- Recreation
- Wildlife
Zoning Ordinance
A law that limits the permitted use of land and maximum density of development in a community
What fueled the 20th-century suburban explosion?
Motor Vehicles
What are the 3 benefits of Public Transit?
- Less space
- Cheaper
- Less polluting and more energy efficient
What are the 2 costs of automobiles?
Consumption of land and Congestion
What is the Bid-Rent Theory
Claims that the further you travel from the CBD the cheaper the land will get
