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AP Human Geography > Chapter 13: Urban Geography > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Urban Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

What are LDC’s current migration pattern?

A

in-migration to cities

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2
Q

What are MDC’s current migration pattern?

A

MDC - lateral move
- urban to urban
- city to suburb

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3
Q

Where is Earth’s largest migration?

A

China - rural to urban (estimated 10,000,000 per year)

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4
Q

In how many years was Lusail built?

A

10 years

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5
Q

Who built Lusail?

A

Migrant Workers
- mostly from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh

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6
Q

Define Central City:

A

An urban settlement legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.

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7
Q

Define an Urbanized Area:

A

A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs

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8
Q

Define an Urban Area:

A

An area with at least 50,000 inhabitants

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9
Q

Define an Urban Cluster:

A

An urban area between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants

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10
Q

Define a CBD:

A

Central Business District - “downtown”
- usually less than 1% urban area
- Densely packed with Public, Consumer, and Business services
- very little industry or residential

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11
Q

What are the 3 components of a Metropolitan Statistical Area(MSA)?

A
  1. an urban area(50,000+)
  2. The county within which the city is located
  3. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central cities county
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12
Q

What is a Micropolitan Statistical Area (µSA)?

A

An urban area of between 2,500 and 49,999 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city.

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13
Q

How many Americans are living in µSAs?

A

10% of the population

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14
Q

How many Americans are living in MSAs?

A

84%

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15
Q

What is a Core-Based Statistical Area(CBSA)?

A

All MSA + All µSA in USA

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16
Q

What are Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs)?

A

2 or more MSAs and/or µSAs that are contiguous places

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17
Q

How much of the world is classified as urban?

A

1/2 of the world’s population

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18
Q

Define urban:

A

Any place with 2,500 people or more

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19
Q

Define Megacities:

A

Cities with 10 million residents or more

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20
Q

What are Squatter Settlements?

A

Settlements of displaced/homeless/poor people are usually placed on the periphery of the city

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21
Q

What are Urban Models?

A

Tools used by Geographers to study cities

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22
Q

What do Urban Models show?

A
  • CBD
  • Land use
  • Transportation
  • Suburbs
  • Squatter Settlements
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23
Q

Who created the Concentric Zone Model?

A

E.W. Burgess in 1925

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24
Q

What is the pattern of land use in the Concentric Zone Model?

A

CBD in the center and Suburbs in the outer most ring

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25
Q

Who created the Sector Model?

A

Homer Hoyt in 1939

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26
Q

What is the type of land use used in the Sector Model?

A

Pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD

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27
Q

Who created the Multiple Nuclei Model?

A

Ullman and Harris in 1945

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28
Q

Land use of the Multiple Nuclei Model?

A

Downtown is not the only core CBD commercial land use
- Suburban downtowns and edge cities are other mini CBDs

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29
Q

Who created the European Model?

A

Combo: Mann(1965), Lawton(1973), and Hopkinson(1985)

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30
Q

Land use of the European Model?

A

Original CBD in the center
- Outer-ring = low-income apartment buildings and skyscrapers

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31
Q

Who created the Latin American Model?

A

Griffin and Ford

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32
Q

Land use of the Latin American Model?

A

From CBD to periphery
- Spine is a wide avenue or boulevard
- Constructed by Spanish and Portuguese after conquest of the natives
- CBD contains a Cathedral/Fortress
- Made from ruins of the Native city

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33
Q

Who created the Southeast Asian Model?

A

T.G. McGhee

34
Q

Land use of the Southeast Asian Model?

A

A port is the central hub
- Middle-income housing mixed with squatters in the outer rings

35
Q

Who created the Sub-Saharan City Model?

A

H. deBliji

36
Q

Land use of the Southeast Asian Model?

A

Port is the central hub

37
Q

Who created the Southwest Asia/Islamic Model?

A

Dettman in 1969

38
Q

Land use of the Southwest Asia Model?

A

Main features is a modern service street and Great Mosque
- “old city” usually walled
- periodic market on the periphery
- squatters outside the ring

39
Q

Describe Annexation:

A

Legally adding land area to a city

40
Q

What are the pros and cons of Annexation?

A

Pro = better services, police/fire/trash
Cons = higher taxes

41
Q

What is Flagpole?

A

Odd shape to add a particular place (proruption-like)
- ex: O’Hara in Chicago

42
Q

Define Sprawl:

A

Rapid suburban growth

43
Q

Define exurbs:

A

Suburbs not connected to cities or other suburbs

44
Q

What is the reason behind urban sprawl?

A
  • Car - dependent culture
  • Desire for a suburban lifestyle
  • And “WHITE FLIGHT”
45
Q

Who created the Periphery model(Galactic City Model)?

A

Chauncey Harris in 1965

46
Q

Land use in the Periphery Model?

A
  • Features an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas
  • connected by a beltway/ringed highway
  • around the beltway are edge cities
47
Q

What are edge cities?

A

Suburban nodes of high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels
- Mini-CBDs designed for auto-travel

48
Q

Define the Density Gradient:

A

As you get further from the city the less dense/concentrated the population gets

49
Q

What are some things happening because of sprawl?

A
  • Agricultural land is lost
  • Costly highways are built
  • Longer commutes
  • More Co2 pollution
50
Q

What are Contemporary Suburban Trends?

A

How cities are evolving now

51
Q

What are 4 ways to combat sprawl (Smart Growth)?

A
  1. Greenbelts
  2. Infill
  3. Gentrification
  4. Revitalization
52
Q

What is Greenbelt?

A

planning permanent “green” around suburbs
- Parks
- Hiking Trails

53
Q

What is Infill?

A

Tearing down urban “blight”(ugliness)

54
Q

What is Gentrification?

A

Converting low-income innercity housing into upper-middle-class neighborhoods
- DINKs, empty-nesters, LGBTQ?+

55
Q

What is Revitalization?

A

Building high-range/threshold services in CBD

56
Q

What are Megalpolises?

A

When urban areas grow together

57
Q

What are some Megalopolises in the US?

A
  • BosWash Corridor
  • Great Lakes
  • New South
  • SoCal
58
Q

What are 3 reasons for suburban segregation?

A
  1. Suburbs are segregated by land use
  2. Suburbs are segregated due to the cost of housing
  3. Suburbs are segregated by race/ethnicity
59
Q

Who created the Urban Realms Model?

A

James Vance in 1960s

60
Q

Land use of the Urban Realms Model?

A

Each realm is separated
- Varied races
- and property cost/wealth
But all realms are linked together by highways to form one urban area
- Often there will be an airport shown in this model

61
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Urban Realms Model?

A

Disadvantage shown - sprawl
Advantage shown = cities can accommodate a growing population

62
Q

What does the Transportation Model do?

A

Displays the growth of a city overtime
- Based on changes in transportation

63
Q

Who created the Transportation Model?

A

John Adams in 1970

64
Q

What percentage of Americans use public transit?

A

5%

65
Q

Describe Rush Hour:

A

heaviest four consecutive 15-minute periods of traffic

66
Q

What is the average number of miles Americans travel per day?

A

36 miles

67
Q

How does the US government promote car-usage?

A

Making/maintaining highways
Low gas tax

68
Q

Describe Inner-cities:

A

The area just outside the CBD
- Used to be nice family housing close to services
- Now old, dilapidated and poor

69
Q

Describe Brownfields:

A

Polluted old industrial sites

70
Q

Describe Greyfeilds:

A

closed stores, plazas, services

71
Q

Describe the conditions of Inner-City housing.

A

Poor
- old
- crowded
- dirty
- Broken
- Crime/gangs/drugs
- multiple crummy apartments

72
Q

Describe Public Housing:

A

Built by local/state/federal governments

73
Q

How much must tenants pay for rent in Public housing?

A

30% on their income

74
Q

What are 3 demographic stats gathered by the Census Bureau?

A
  1. Number of non-whites
  2. The median income of all families
  3. % of Adults who finished high school
75
Q

2 contemporary criticisms of the 3 models?

A
  1. 2 Models are outdated (pre-WW2)
  2. Models are too simple
76
Q

What was the 19th-century catalyst for the growth of suburbs?

A

Industrial Revolution

77
Q

3 reasons for preserving rural land?

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Recreation
  3. Wildlife
78
Q

Zoning Ordinance

A

A law that limits the permitted use of land and maximum density of development in a community

79
Q

What fueled the 20th-century suburban explosion?

A

Motor Vehicles

80
Q

What are the 3 benefits of Public Transit?

A
  1. Less space
  2. Cheaper
  3. Less polluting and more energy efficient
81
Q

What are the 2 costs of automobiles?

A

Consumption of land and Congestion

82
Q

What is the Bid-Rent Theory

A

Claims that the further you travel from the CBD the cheaper the land will get

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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