Chapter 12: Service Flashcards
Ap Human
Define a Service
An activity that fulfills a human want or need in exchange for money
Define a Settlement
A permanent collection of building where people reside, work and obtain services
How much of Earth is settled?
1%
Why are more services found in MDCs?
- Can afford services
- Services locate near settlements in order to attract customers
- Market oriented
What are the 3 types of services?
- Consumer
- Business
- Public
Define a Consumer Service:
Provided services for PEOPLE
ex: healthcare, education, hair dresser
What percentage of Americans work in consumer services?
50%
Define a Business Service:
Provides services to other BUSINESSES
ex: lawyer, truck driver, accountant
What percentage of Americans work in business services?
25%
Define a Public Service:
Provides services for SECURITY/PROTECTION of US CITIZENS and Businesses
ex: Police, firefighter, government workers (bureaucracy)
What percentage of Americans work in public services?
10%
What is the percentage of Americans who work in Secondary/Primary Jobs?
15%
What is the percentage of GDP America makes from Service/Tertiary jobs?
70+ %
What is the Central Place theory?
Developed by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s, discusses how the most profitable location can be identified.
What are the 5 ruled on The Central Place Theory?
- The greater distance from another same sized place
- The greater number of retail/service functions
- The larger trade area (downtown)
- The higher the order of functions (quality)
- The fewer such places in a region (exclusivity)
Define Range:
Maximum distance a consumer is willing to travel to purchase a retail good or service.
Define Threshold:
minimum number of people customers and sales needed for a business to make a profit.
Define Rushton’s Indifference Curve:
People are willing to travel farther to a larger place than to a smaller place because of multipurpose trips.
What shape does the Central Place Theory use when mapping settlement patterns?
Hexagons
What are some geographic assumptions Christaller made in CPT?
- “featureless” Landscape on an infinite plane
- Uniform homogenous population distribution
- High-order central places also offer lower-order functions
What are some Behavioral(economic) assumptions Chistaller made in CPT?
- Consumers shop at the closest place possible
- Consumers do not go beyond the range of good
How did August Losch extend CPT?
Created City-Rich and City-Poor sectors
City-rich factors:
- more services
- good transportation
City-poor factors:
- low-income populations
- few services/businesses
What is the Rank-Size Rule?
The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
Define Primate City:
A countries largest city
What is the Primate City Rule?
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the 2nd-ranking settlement.
Define the Gravity Model?
Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
What are 2 Basic patterns of the Gravity Model?
- The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the number of potential customers for a service
- The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely the are to use it.
Describe Food Deserts:
Areas of cities not served by grocery stores
What are the 3 possibilities for the Hierarchy of Settlements?
- Rank-Size Rule
- Primate
- Irregular
How are Cities ranked?
- Based on QUALITY
- And QUANTITY of services
Tier Rankings
Top Tier/ Second Tier/ Third Tier
World Cities Rankings (Rubenstein)
Dominant/ Major/ Secondary/ 4th Level
Global Cities Rankings
Alpha ++ through Gamma -
Offshoring
Companies move their back-offices to other countries
Outsourcing
Contracting work to non-company employees or other companies to reduce cost.
Where does Offshoring usually take place?
Micro-states
ex: Caribbean Islands, Liechtenstein, San Mario
What is Back-Office?
Paper work, payroll, insurance claim
What are Call-centers?
Help lines, customer service
Why do Call - Centers now situate in LDCs?
They place these call centers in an English speaking LDC which has low-wages for these workers and weak labor regulations.
Who created the Talent Index?
Richard Florida
What did the Talent Index Measure?
- people with college degrees
- who are scientists and engineers
- and people employed as professionals or technicians
Who created the Coolness Index?
Florian Kock
What does the Coolness Index measure?
- measures a city’s bars, nightclubs, concerts
- people in their 20s
- art galleries & cultural activities
- the number of LGBTQ?+ people
- higher % of diversity = a higher % of talent, coolness
What is the Coolest City on Earth?
Portland, Oregon
Clustered Rural Settlements
An agricultural - based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, for safety and services.
What are the 2 types of Clustered Rural Settlements?
Linear - along a road or river
Circular - in a circle
Dispersed Rural Settlements
Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors, settlements started by individuals.
Where was the 1st Urban City?
Ur (modern Iraq)
Where did urbanization 1st start?
Mesopotamia
What was the 1st service?
Corpse Disposal
What was the Enclosure Movement?
From 1700-1850 in the UK, this was a series of laws that allowed the wealthy to fence property to keep the poor out of their land.
What did the poor do after the Enclosure Movement?
Migrated to Cities
- Rapid Urbanizations followed
- to North America as emigrants
- 1st major wave of US migration
How many humans live in urban areas?
more than 50%
How urbanized is MDCs?
80%
How urbanized is LDCs?
54%
What are Wirth’s Characteristics of Cities?
- Large population and area
- High population Density
- Socially Heterogenous
Why does Wirth claim that most LDC people live like “urbanities”?
Due to telecommunications and internet
How many people are in Mega-LDC cities?
10 million +
How many most populated cities are in LDCs?
41/50
ex: Jakarta, Delhi, Manila, Shanghai, Mexico City
What are the 3 fastest growing LDCs?
Beihai, China
Ghaziabad, India
Sana’a, Yemen
What are the 2 MDC cities that are in the top 10 of population?
NYC and Tokyo
Sub-Sharan Africas urbanization rate:
43% and rising
East Asia’s urbanization rate:
68%
Latin America’s urbanization rate:
80%
