Chapter 13- Transfer of Learning

Question 1

What is transfer learning?

Answer 1

• Influences previous experience on learning a new skill & performing a skill in a new context
• This influence can result in:
  = Positive Transfer: When previous experiences facilitate you having a better performance & better performance in a new context & potentially new skill

= Negative Transfer: When previous experience hinders your ability to perform a new skill or adapt to a diff situation

= Neutral (zero): Whatever you learned doesn’t help at all

Question 2

What is percentage of transfer?

Answer 2

Experimental Group - Control Group/ Experimental Group + Control Group x 100

Question 3

Why is transfer of learning important?

Answer 3

Transfer principle has practical & theoretical significance for:

• Sequencing skills to be learned
• Assessing effectiveness of practice conditions (transfer test performance best assessment)

Question 4

Why does positive transfer occur?

Figure 13.1

Answer 4

• More characteristics that both skills have in common, greater chance of positive transfer
• BUT it you assume any sport you hold something in your hand should be the same = wouldn’t expect much transfer btwn two
• If skills are similar, should mean amount of learning & learning processes should be similar

Question 5

What is negative transfer?

Answer 5

• Rare & temp in motor learning
• Occurs when new skill or context involves similar environmental context features but requires diff mov’t response
• E.g., Unintended acceleration effect
• Negative effects can be overcome w/ practice
• Important practitioner be aware that is could cause discouragement early in practice

Question 6

Why does negative transfer occur?

Answer 6

1) Est. perception-action coupling elicits an inappropriate action in a familiar context

2) Cognitive confusion
- If horrible form shot is getting you more baskets, trying to do another form will be unfamiliar

3) Learner’s intrinsic dynamics
- Whether how you’re organizing mov’t meets needs of the action

Question 7

What is learning how to learn?

Answer 7

• Antithesis of specificity of learning principle
• Learners extract general principles when they practice multiple tasks
• Principles transfer to learning of many new skills

Question 8

Explain bilateral transfer

Answer 8

• Transfer of learning that occurs btwn two limbs
• Also known as intermanual transfer, cross-trasnfer or cross-education
• Ex. If practice w/ preferred limb, general principles of training, in the post-test it should improve to higher rating

Question 9

What’re the different directions for bilateral transfer?

Answer 9

Asymmetric Transfer
- Greater transfer from one limb than from other

Symmetric Transfer
- Similar from one limb to other, regardless of which was used first

-Research support for asymmetric transfer = greater amount of transfer occurs from preferred to non-preferred limb (Stockel)

Question 10

Why does bilateral transfer occur?

Answer 10

Cognitive Explanation
- Important cognitive info. acquired from practice w/ one limb available when other limb begins to perform

Motor Control Explanation
- Generalized motor program (GMP) & dynamic pattern theories both provide a basis for bilateral transfer

• Interhemispheric transfer: Evidence from EMG activity in non-performing contra-lateral limb