Chapter 12- Stages of Learning Flashcards
What are the three different models proposed to identify & describe the stages of learning?
1) Fitts & Posner three-stage model
2) Gentiles two-stage model
3) Bernstein’s multi-phased description
Explain Fitts & Posner’s 3 Stage Model
- Proposed 3 stages
1) Cognitive Stage
- Beginner focuses on solving cognitively-oriented probs
- Prob-solve how you’re going to be able to do motor task
- Ex. How to hold a javelin in order to throw furthest
2) Associative Stage
- Person learned to associate environmental info w/ required mov’ts (works to refine performance to be more consistent)
- Where you start to make links
- Undefined amount of time before we get to this stage
3) Autonomous Stage
- Final stage where performance of skill is “automatic”
- Make decisions very easily w/o having to think about it
- Less attention demands
Explain Gentiles 2-Stage Model
Initial Stage
- Getting idea of mov’t
1) Organize mov’t pattern to enable some degree of success achieving action goal
2) Discriminate btwn regulatory & non-regulatory conditions in environmental context
Later Stage
- Fixation : Learners refine mov’t pattern so they can produce them correctly, consistency & efficiently
- Diversification: Adaptable to many diff enviros; can deal w/ many diff situations b/c you know how to do skill wll
- Involves learner acquiring 3 characteristics:
1) Adapting mov’t pattern to demands of any performance situation
2) Increase consistency of action goal achievement
3) Perform w/ an economy of effort
What is the unique feature of Gentile’s “Later stages”?
- Learner’s specific goals depend on the type of skill being learned
Closed Skill
- Fixation of mov’t pattern
- Devel. optimal mov’t pattern to allow consistent action goal achievement
Open Skill
- Diversification of mov’t pattern
- Devel flexible mov’t pattern that can adapt to changing & novel environmental context conditions
Explain Bernstein’s Idea
- Best remembered for idea about freezing & freeing degrees of freedom
- Thought learning skill was similar to solving a prob
- Likeed skill acquisition to staging a play, w/ many phases
- Appropriate practice = repetition w/o repetition
Crossman- 1959
Figure 12.2
- Looked at amount of time it took to make a cigar
- See changes in rate of performance
- After about one million cigars rolled, speed was almost the same as a machine completing task
- Negatively accelerated curve
What’re some performer & performance changes?
- Changes in mov’t coordination
= Freezing degrees of freedom
= Freeing DOF
= Coordinative structure exploits passive forces - Alterations in old or preferred coordination patterns (see Fig 11.4 in Ch. 11)
- Changes in muscles used
- Changes in energy cost
- Changes in visual selective attention
- Changes in conscious attention demands
- Changes in error detection & correction capability
- Changes in brain activity : Plasticity
Robertson et. al
Figure 12.3
- Varsity athletes make far less errors whether their
eyes are open or closed - Skilled ppl can use other sensory systems to detect errors on their own
- If able to detect errors, able to correct them
What is the practice specificity hypothesis?
- Learning is specific to sources of sensory info avail during practice
- When visual feedback used during practice in the first stage of learning, it continues to be needed throughout stages of learning
- Whatever sensory info you have during practice, it’s needed when performing
- Proteau & colleagues hypothesized & provided evidence that dependency on sensory feedback devel b/c it becomes part of the memory representation of skill
What is an expert?
- Person who is located at the extreme right end of learning stages continuum
- Experts in all skill performance areas have common distinct characteristics
= Amount & type of practice that resulted in expertise
= Knowledge structure
= Use/amount of vision
Is expert performance automated?
Ericson argues that it’s not fully automated
- Experts attempt to avoid stagnation that comes w/ complete automaticity
- Need some control to make improvements & adapt to new situations
- Engage in conscious controlled processing (can’t be automatic b/c there’s a lot of conscious control)
- Recycle through stages of learning though in more sophisticated way than novices
