Chapter 13:The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach

Question 0

Classical Conditioning

Answer 0

Responding to stimuli in your environment by pairing these stimuli with events that already elicited a response

Question 1

Overt Behavior

Answer 1

Behavior that can be observed, predicted, and eventually controlled by scientists

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Repeating behaviors only if they were met with a positive reinforcement rather than negative

Question 3

Radical Behaviorism

Answer 3

The extent to which we are able to observe the inner causes of our own behavior

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

Existing stimulus-response 
Ex: cringing when you see a spider 
•Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)
•Unconditioned Response(UCR) 
•Conditioned Stimulus(CS) 
•Conditioned Response(CR)

Question 5

Second-Order Conditioning

Answer 5

Process of building one conditional S-R association on another

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

Gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association

Question 7

The Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Answer 7

Behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences

Question 8

Operant Conditioning

Answer 8

Concerns the effect certain kinds of consequences have on the frequency of behavior
•Reinforcement
•Punishment

Question 9

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 9

Behavior increases because it is followed by the presentation of a reward

Question 10

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 10

Removal or lessening of an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs

Question 11

2 methods for decreasing undesired behaviors

Answer 11

1. Ceasing reinforcements and thereby allowing the behavior to extinguish
2. Frequency of a behavior is reduced when it is followed by an aversive stimulus=Punishment

Question 12

Limitation of the effectiveness of punishment

Answer 12

1. Does not teach appropriate behaviors
2. To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently
3. Can have negative side effects
4. Undesirable traits may be learned through modeling
5. Can create negative emotions

Question 13

Shaping

Answer 13

Successive approximations of the desired behavior are reinforced

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the one used in the initial conditioning
•Stimulus Generalization

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Learned tendency to respond only to stimuli that result in reinforcement and not to similar , but unrewarded, stimuli

Question 16

Social Learning Theory

Answer 16

Outside forces influence your actions and beliefs

Question 17

Behavior-Environment-Behavior Interactions

Answer 17

Not only does the environment influence our behavior, but that behavior then determines the kind of environment we find ourselves in, which can then influence behavior and so on

Question 18

Behavior Potential (Rotter)

Answer 18

Likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation

Question 19

What determines the strength of the behavior potential?

Answer 19

1. Expectancy

2. Reinforcement value

Question 20

Expectancies (Rotter)

Answer 20

Estimations on deciding to take up a task

•Generalized Expectancies (beliefs we hold about how often our actions typically lead to reinforcements and punishments)

Question 21

Locus of Control (Rotter)

Answer 21

One end of the dimension individuals can have an extreme internal orientation (those who believe that most of what happens to them is the result of their own actions or attributes) and the other end individuals can hold an extreme external orientation (those who maintain that much of what happens to them is the result of forces outside their control, such as chance or powerful others)

Question 22

Reinforcement Value (Rotter)

Answer 22

Degree to which we prefer one reinforcer over another

Question 23

Social-Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura

Answer 23

There are both internal and external determinants of behavior, but behavior is not determined exclusively by either or by a simple combination

Question 24

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Answer 24

External determinants of behavior, such as rewards and punishments, and internal determinants, such as beliefs, thoughts, and expectations, are part of a system of interacting influences that affect not only behavior but various parts of the system as well

Question 25

Self-Regulation

Answer 25

Ability to develop and apply rewards and punishments for internal standards of behavior

Question 26

Observational Learning

Answer 26

Learning by observing or reading or just hearing about other people’s actions

Question 27

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 27

Old association between the feared stimulus and the fear response is replaced with a new association between the stimulus and relaxation

Question 28

AversionTherapy

Answer 28

Therapists try to rid clients of undesirable behaviors by pairing aversive images with the behavior

Question 29

Biofeedback

Answer 29

• Used to treat psychological problems

* Requires special equipment that provides info about somatic processes

Question 30

Self-Efficacy (Bandura)

Answer 30

A person’s expectancy that he or she can successfully perform a given behavior
•ex: if you quit smoking it’s because you can convince yourself you can

Question 31

Outcome Expectation (Bandura)

Answer 31

Extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome

Question 32

Efficacy Expectation (Bandura)

Answer 32

Extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcome

Question 33

Where do efficacy expectations come from and how can therapists change these expectations in their clients?

Answer 33

1. Enactive Mastery Experiences: Successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past
2. Vicarious Experiences: seeing other people perform a behavior with good results leads us to believe that we can do it too
3. Verbal Persuasion
4. Psychological and affective states

Question 34

Analogue Behavioral Observation

Answer 34

Therapist creates a situation that resembles the real world setting in which the problem behavior is likely to occur

Question 35

Strengths of the Behavioral/Social Learning Approach

Answer 35

1. Solid foundation in empirical research

2. Development of useful therapeutic procedures

Question 36

Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning Theory

Answer 36

1. Too narrow in its description of human personality
2. Human beings are more complex than the laboratory animals used in behavioral research
3. These therapists distort the real therapy issues when they reduce everything to observable behaviors

Question 37

Which 2 psychologists are related to Behavioral/Social Learning?

Answer 37

Skinner & Bandura