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Psychology 1100 > Chapter 13 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Attributions

A

judgments about the causes for our own behaviours and other people’s behaviours

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2
Q

Personal/Internal Attributions

A

behaviour is caused by characteristics of the person

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3
Q

Situational/External Attributions

A

behaviour is caused by aspects of the situation

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4
Q

Actor-observer Bias

A

how we perceive our own behaviour and how other people perceive our behaviour may be different

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5
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

A

we view attributions for other’s behaviours as more personal; while viewing attributions for our own behaviours as more situational

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6
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to personal factors and attribute our failures to situational factors

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7
Q

Judgments of others

A

research tends to show that there is a stronger tendency for FAE in individualistic culture

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8
Q

Judgments of self

A

collectivistic cultures tend to take less credit for successful interactions and more responsibility to failures

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9
Q

Primacy Effect

A

initial information that we get is more important when learning about another person

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10
Q

Recency Effect

A

most recent information is given more weight

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11
Q

When is the recency effect used most often?

A

when we are:

  • asked to avoid making snap judgments
  • asked to think about the information more critically
  • made accountable for our judgments
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12
Q

Attitude

A

a positive or negative evaluation of a person, object, or idea

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13
Q

3 components of Attitudes

A
  1. Affective = feelings and emotions towards an attitude object
  2. Behavioural = tendency to act in a particular response to the attitude object
  3. Cognitive = beliefs and ideas about an attitude object
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14
Q

3 Attitude Dimensions

A
  1. Attitude Strength = stronger attitudes are harder to change, can have strong influence on behaviour
  2. Attitude Accessibility = how often we think about the attitude object, how quickly the attitude comes to mind, positively correlated with attitude strength
  3. Attitude Ambivalence = hold both positive and negative attitudes toward the attitude object, harder to predict behaviour
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15
Q

Kelley’s Experiment

A
  • guest lecturer experiments
  • Students were told that the guest lecturer was either “warm” or “cold”
  • then exposed to lecturer for 20 minutes
  • Students rated their impressions of the lecturer
  • students who expected him to be warm gave him better ratings and participated more in the discussion/lecture
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16
Q

LaPiere’s Experiment

A
  • traveled with chinese couple, no restaurants turned them away
  • sent survey to all restaurants visited to ask if they would serve chinese people
  • over 90% said they would not even though they did
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17
Q

Factors that influence the relation between attitudes and behaviours

A
  1. dimensions of attitudes are not always taken into account
  2. the way in which attitudes are measured
  3. situational influences
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18
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

feel uncomfortable when:
- our behaviours are not inline with our attitudes (OR)
- our conditions are not consistent
people are motivation to reduce the uncomfortable feelings from dissonance

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19
Q

Social influence

A
  • when people’s own responses (behaviours, attitudes, judgements) are influenced by the action of others
  • changes in beliefs or behaviours caused by real or imagined social pressure
20
Q

3 types of social influence

A

conformity, obedience, compliance

21
Q

2 levels of conformity

A
  1. Private acceptance = changing public responses and private beliefs or attitudes
  2. Public compliance = altering public responses, but not true private beliefs or attitudes
22
Q

Two reasons why people conform

A

Normative Influence = wanting to be liked
public compliance without private acceptance
- higher conformity when in people
Informational Influence = wanting to be right
- higher conformity when task is difficult
- higher conformity when more concerned with being right

23
Q

Obedience

A

form of compliance, people follow direction commands typically coming from someone in a position of authority

24
Q

Two criteria for satisfying the need for affiliation

A
  1. frequent and pleasant interactions

2. temporarily stable interactions involving concern

25
Q

Why do we have this need to affiliate with others? (4)

A
  1. positive stimulation
  2. emotional support
  3. attention
  4. social comparisons
26
Q

3 factors that lead us to affiliate with others

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Physical attractiveness
27
Q

Mere Exposure effect

A

suggests that the more we are expose to a stimulus, he more we tend to like the stimulus

28
Q

2 theories of increasing attraction

A
  1. Self-discolure = disclosing personal information, increases emotional involvement, increases relationship satisfaction
  2. Social exchange theory = rewards and costs are weighed to decide whether or not we want to continue with a relationship
29
Q

The three-component triangular theory of love (Sternberg)

A
  1. Intimacy = feelings of closeness and connectedness that leads to experiences of warmth
  2. Passion = drive that leads to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation that leads to the experiences of passion
  3. Commitment = (1) in the short-term it means the decision to love another and (2) in the long-term it means to make a commitment to maintain that love
30
Q

Prejudice

A

a negative attitude toward people based on heir membership in a group

31
Q

Discrimination

A

overt behaviour involves treating people fairly based on the group to which they belong

32
Q

Overt Prejudice

A

unfair treatment that is blatant

33
Q

Covert Prejudice

A

subtle, passive, either intentional or unintentional

34
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

prejudice is promoted when groups compete for limited resources

35
Q

Self Identity Theory

A
  • prejudice comes from our desire to enhance our self esteem, but our self esteem can also come from groups
  • associating with groups enhances our self esteem, but threats to our groups can threaten our self esteem
36
Q

The equal status contact principle (4)

A
  1. continual close contact
  2. equal status
  3. work towards a common goal that requires cooperation
  4. support by broader social norms
37
Q

4 different helping behaviours

A
  1. casual helping (e.g. lending a pencil)
  2. substantial person helping (e.g. giving a friend a ride)
  3. emotional helping (e.g. providing emotional support)
  4. emergency helping (e.g. offering help after an accident)
38
Q

Two norms relevant to prosocial behaviour

A
  1. norm of reciprocity

2. norm of social responsibility

39
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

altruism exists when there is empathy

40
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share what that person is experiencing

41
Q

Negative state relief model

A
  • high empathy can lead to feelings of distress if we know someone else is suffering
  • helping can help reduce our own stress
  • relieving our own distress is a self-focused goal and not altruism
42
Q

Kitty Genovese

A

stabbed, nobody helped

43
Q

Bystander Intervention - 5 step process

A
  • notice an event?
  • interpret as an emergency?
  • assume responsibility for helping?
  • know how to help?
  • decide to help
44
Q

Some people are more likely to be held than others based on three factors

A
  1. similarity
  2. gender
  3. perceived responsibility
45
Q

3 factors that increase prosocial behaviour

A
  1. exposing individuals to prosocial modelling
  2. developing feelings of empathy and affiliation with others
  3. learning about factors that drive the bystander effect
46
Q

Factors that influence destructive obedience

A
  • Distance of the victim
  • Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
  • Cog in a wheel
  • Personal characteristics

Psychology 1100 (3 decks)

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