Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

Question

What is the **bystander effect?**

Answer 1

Tendency to *assume others will intervene* and thus, not intervening yourself *Ex. Kitty Genovese was stabbed multiple times and audibly yelled but nobody decided to call the police, everyone probably thought “someone else must’ve called already”*

Answer 2

1. **Diffusion of responsibility** - feeling *less responsible with more witnesses* nearby 2. **Pluralistic ignorance** - assuming *something is not an emergency because nobody is reacting* like it is (*Ex. Smoking Room Study*)

Answer 3

The tendency to *slack off in groups* because people feel **less individual responsibility** *Ex. Clapping quieter in groups, Tug-of-War*

Answer 4

The act of *helping others* for **unselfish reasons** **Feeling rushed** decreases altruism (*Ex. The Good Samaritan Study*)

Answer 5

1. Being **unable to escape** 2. Signs of **disability** 3. Being in a **good mood** 4. Observing **positive role models** 5. Being an **empathetic** person 6. When someone perceivably **shares the same values** as us

Answer 6

1. Having **knowledge about social psychology** 2. Being **less traditional/ concerned about what others think** 3. Being **male** (especially in a scenario when the victim is an attractive female) 4. Being **extraverted** 5. Having **emergency training**

Answer 7

Behavior **intended to harm others** either physically or verbally

Answer 8

1. **Provocation** 2. **Frustration** 3. **Media** (only in the *short-term*) - how often we see certain aggression *normalized* in the media 4. **Aggressive cues** (*Ex. Weapons in one’s presence*) 5. **Arousal** (*Ex. From exercise*) 6. **Alcohol/ drugs** - reduce inhibitions 7. **Temperature** - *positive correlation* with aggressive behavior

Answer 9

1. High levels of **negative affect** - negative emotions such as *anger, mistrust, anxiety, and depression* 2. **Impulsivity** 3. **Men** between the ages of *12 and 28* 4. The **culture of honor** in Southern USA - the importance of *”defending your honor”* in the face of disrespect 5. Aggression is *less prevalent* in **Asian cultures**

Answer 10

Men are *more aggressive overall* and more **physically aggressive** Women are more **relationally aggressive** **Relational aggression** is a more *passive aggressive* form of aggression (*Ex. Bullying and gossiping*)

Answer 11

A *positive or negative* evaluation about something or someone It is composed of… 1. **Affect** - outward expression of feelings and emotions 2. **Behaviors** 3. **Cognitions**/ thoughts

Answer 12

Sometimes attitudes *do not* predict behaviors *Ex. Attitudes and behaviors regarding distracted driving/ speeding in Edmonton* Sometimes attitudes *do* predict behaviors 1. When the attitudes are **easily accessible** 2. When the attitudes are **firmly held**

Answer 13

False. A person that has completed a boring task will rate it more interesting if they are given a lesser reward. According to the **cognitive dissonance theory**, someone that has received a poor reward will have little justification for why they did it. Therefore, they will *convince themselves they enjoyed the task to make up for the lack of justification for why they did it.* Someone that received a greater reward will be truthful and admit they did not like it because they are able to justify why they did it (*for the reward*)

Answer 14

When we experience **inconsistent cognitions, attitudes,** and **behavior,** we experience **dissonance** **Dissonance** is a *feeling of discomfort* when our attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions *don’t align* Therefore, we *modify* our behavior, attitudes, and/ or cognitions to *reduce* dissonance

Answer 15

1. The **self-perception theory** states our *attitudes are created by observing our behaviors* 2. The **impressional management theory** states that *we lie* because we *don’t want to be seen as a hypocrite.* Thus, we didn’t change our attitudes, we just wanted to *show consistency*

Answer 16

1. The **central** route is the *information content* route; really diving into the *specifics* of something 2. The **peripheral** route is the *surface aspects* route; looking only at the *broad, superficial* aspects of something Attitudes *last/ endure longer* through the **central route**

Answer 17

1. **Foot-in-the-door** technique is coming first with a *small request, then asking for a bigger one later*; relies on **cognitive dissonance** 2. **Door-in-the-face** technique is coming with a favor, then *requesting slightly less when you say no* 3. **Lowball** technique is *starting with a low price,* then introducing *add-ons later*

Answer 18

1. Attractive/ famous **spokesperson** 2. “**Experts**” (*Ex. With a man coat*) 3. Vivid **testimonials** 4. “**Natural goodness**” (*”if something is natural, it must be good”*) 5. Emphasizing **scarcity**/ “limited supplies” 6. People with **similar features** - *more likely* to buy something if someone with similar features sells it 7. **Name-letter effect** - *more likely* to purchase/ associate with things that contain *your name letter*

Answer 19

Tendency to *judge something/ someone **negatively*** before you’ve had the chance to evaluate your judgements with evidence

Answer 20

1. Our **bringing up** 2. **Cognitive economies** are saved when we *avoid evaluating evidence* 3. The **media** (*Ex. Bright and pretty tone of the US in movies/ orange and yellow tone of Mexico in movies*) 4. **Evolutional factors** lead us to *naturally distrust* people *not in our group*

Answer 21

1. **In-group bias** - favoring people *within our group over others*; *less empathy* in our brains for others 2. **Out-group homogeneity** - the belief that *all members of the other group are the same*

Answer 22

**Positive** *or* **negative** beliefs about *most* individuals in a group Can *influence* our *snap judgements* (*Ex. Amadou Diallo, a black man, shot for reaching into his pockets for his wallet*)

Answer 23

A **stereotype** is a **negative or positive** belief about most individuals in a group **Prejudice** is a **specifically negative** judgement about most individuals in a group

Answer 24

The **act** of *treating the out-group differently*; influences *both* the discriminator and victim Creating *separate groups* on *chosen characteristics* can **create** discrimination

Answer 25

1. **Scrape-goat hypothesis** - blaming those *beneath us* for *our misfortunes* 2. **Just-world hypothesis** - blaming the *victim* 3. **Conformity to social norms** - need to *fit in* and *be liked* 4. **Personality factors** - people with *high* **authoritarianism** and **extrinsic religiosity**

Answer 26

People with high **extrinsic religiosity** use religion to *make friends and network* (*more likely to be prejudice*) People with high **intrinsic religiosity** use religion as a *higher moral belief* with no networking benefits intended

Answer 27

An effective technique to *combat prejudice*; encouraging people to *work together* on a *shared goal* To work well… 1. The contact should be *enjoyable* 2. Group members should be of **equal status** 3. Group members should *disconfirm* **stereotypes** 4. Groups members should be able to *become friends*