Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour

Question 1

What is Social Psychology?

Answer 1

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others

Question 2

What is Person Perception?

Answer 2

The process of forming impressions of others

Question 3

What are Social Schemas?

Answer 3

Clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people

Question 4

What are Self-Schemas?

Answer 4

An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about ones behaviour in a given domain

Question 5

Define Stereotypes

Answer 5

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Question 6

What is the difference between an ingroup and a outgroup?

Answer 6

Ingroup: A group that one belongs to and identifies with
Outgroup: A group that one does not belong to or identify with

Question 7

What are attributions?

Answer 7

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour and their own behaviour

Question 8

What are internal attributions?

Answer 8

Ascribing the cause of behaviour to personal disposition and traits

Question 9

What are external attributions?

Answer 9

Ascribing the causes of behaviour to situational demands

Question 10

What is fundamental attribution error?

Answer 10

An observers bias in favour of internal attributions in explaining others behaviour

Question 11

What is actor-observer bias?

Answer 11

Actors favour external attributions for their behavour, whereas observers are more likely to explain the same behaviour with internal attributions

Question 12

What is self-serving bias?

Answer 12

The tendency to attribute ones success to personal factors and ones failures situational factors

Question 13

What is the defensive attribution?

Answer 13

The tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way

Question 14

What is individualism?

Answer 14

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes

Question 15

What is collectivism?

Answer 15

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining ones identity in terms of the group one belongs to

Question 16

What is interpersonal attraction?

Answer 16

Positive feelings towards another

Question 17

What is the matching hypothesis?

Answer 17

Males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to choose each other as partners

Question 18

What is mate poaching?

Answer 18

Lure someone away from their partner

Question 19

What does “mate choice copies” refer to?

Answer 19

Sexual preferences are influenced by the choices others have made

Question 20

What is reciprocity?

Answer 20

Liking those that show that they like us

Question 21

What is the difference between passionate love and companionate love?

Answer 21

Passionate love: Includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion
Compassionate love: Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for someone whose life is deeply intertwined in ones own

Question 22

Who subdivided companionate love into passion, intimacy, and commitment?

Answer 22

Robert Sternberg

Question 23

What are attitudes?

Answer 23

Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

Question 24

What are the three components of attitude?

Answer 24

Cognitive - beliefs people hold about the object of an attitude
Affective - emotional feelings stimulated by an object of thought
Behavioural - predispositions to act a certain way towards an attitude

Question 25

What are explicit attitudes and what are implicit attitudes?

Answer 25

Explicit attitudes: attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe
Implicit attitudes: covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses over which we have little conscious control

Question 26

What are the four basic elements of persuasion?

Answer 26

Source - the person who sends a communication
Receiver - person to whom the message is sent
Message - Information transmitted by the source
Channel - medium through which the message is sent

Question 27

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 27

Repeated exposure to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus

Question 28

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 28

When related cognitions are inconsistent - that is, when they contradict each other

Question 29

What is conformity?

Answer 29

When people yield to real or imagined social pressures

Question 30

What are normative influences?

Answer 30

When people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Question 31

What are informational influences?

Answer 31

When people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

Question 32

What is obedience?

Answer 32

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Question 33

What is a group?

Answer 33

Two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent

Question 34

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 34

People are less likely to provide assistance when they are in group vs when they are alone

Question 35

What is social loafing?

Answer 35

Reduction in effort by individuals in groups as compared to when they work by themselves

Question 36

What is group polarization?

Answer 36

When a group discussion strengthens a groups dominant pov and produces a shift towards a more extreme decision in that direction

Question 37

What is groupthink?

Answer 37

When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

Question 38

What is group cohesiveness?

Answer 38

The strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and the group itself

Question 39

What is social neuroscience?

Answer 39

Integrates models of neuroscience and social psychology to study the mechanisms of social behaviour