Chapter 13 - Social Behaviour Flashcards
What is Social Psychology?
The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others
What is Person Perception?
The process of forming impressions of others
What are Social Schemas?
Clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
What are Self-Schemas?
An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about ones behaviour in a given domain
Define Stereotypes
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
What is the difference between an ingroup and a outgroup?
Ingroup: A group that one belongs to and identifies with
Outgroup: A group that one does not belong to or identify with
What are attributions?
Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour and their own behaviour
What are internal attributions?
Ascribing the cause of behaviour to personal disposition and traits
What are external attributions?
Ascribing the causes of behaviour to situational demands
What is fundamental attribution error?
An observers bias in favour of internal attributions in explaining others behaviour
What is actor-observer bias?
Actors favour external attributions for their behavour, whereas observers are more likely to explain the same behaviour with internal attributions
What is self-serving bias?
The tendency to attribute ones success to personal factors and ones failures situational factors
What is the defensive attribution?
The tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
What is individualism?
Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes
What is collectivism?
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining ones identity in terms of the group one belongs to
What is interpersonal attraction?
Positive feelings towards another
What is the matching hypothesis?
Males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to choose each other as partners
What is mate poaching?
Lure someone away from their partner
What does “mate choice copies” refer to?
Sexual preferences are influenced by the choices others have made
What is reciprocity?
Liking those that show that they like us
What is the difference between passionate love and companionate love?
Passionate love: Includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion
Compassionate love: Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for someone whose life is deeply intertwined in ones own
Who subdivided companionate love into passion, intimacy, and commitment?
Robert Sternberg
What are attitudes?
Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought
What are the three components of attitude?
Cognitive - beliefs people hold about the object of an attitude
Affective - emotional feelings stimulated by an object of thought
Behavioural - predispositions to act a certain way towards an attitude
What are explicit attitudes and what are implicit attitudes?
Explicit attitudes: attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe
Implicit attitudes: covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses over which we have little conscious control
What are the four basic elements of persuasion?
Source - the person who sends a communication
Receiver - person to whom the message is sent
Message - Information transmitted by the source
Channel - medium through which the message is sent
What is the mere exposure effect?
Repeated exposure to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus
What is cognitive dissonance?
When related cognitions are inconsistent - that is, when they contradict each other
What is conformity?
When people yield to real or imagined social pressures
What are normative influences?
When people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences
What are informational influences?
When people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
What is obedience?
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
What is a group?
Two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent
What is the bystander effect?
People are less likely to provide assistance when they are in group vs when they are alone
What is social loafing?
Reduction in effort by individuals in groups as compared to when they work by themselves
What is group polarization?
When a group discussion strengthens a groups dominant pov and produces a shift towards a more extreme decision in that direction
What is groupthink?
When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision
What is group cohesiveness?
The strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and the group itself
What is social neuroscience?
Integrates models of neuroscience and social psychology to study the mechanisms of social behaviour
