Chapter 13 Section 1 Flashcards
What did ancient Greek and early scientists call themselves?
Ancient Greek and early scientists called themselves “natural philosophers”, and their methods differed greatly from those of modern scientists.
What did these early scientist consider most important and base their scientific explanation on?
Early scientists based their scientific explanations on reasoning rather than evidence.
Explain the geocentric theory.
The geocentric theory is the theory which incorrectly placed Earth at the center of the universe. According to the theory, the sun, moon, and planet all moved in a circular path around Earth.
What did Muslim scholars adopt, primarily from India, to advance mathematical understanding?
Muslim scholars adopted such mathematical concepts as the decimal system, the number zero, and the ten Arabic numerals commonly used today.
Muslim scholars developed observatories. Because of these observatories what did it allow astronomers to do and further help scientists to do?
Because of observatories, it allowed astronomers to accurately plot the locations of stars. As a result, scientists were able to develop more accurate calendars and methods of navigation.
Who proposed the heliocentric theory? Explain this theory.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, stating that the sun was the center of the universe.
What did Johannes Kepler add to the heliocentric theory?
Johannes Kepler concluded that Copernicus’s basic ideas were correct. He added that the planets had elliptical, or oval, orbits rather than perfect circular ones.
Whose work laid the foundation of modern physics, and what four laws did he create a complete mechanical explanation of motion in the universe?
Isaac Newton’s work laid the foundation of modern physics, and he created the law of universal gravitation, and 3 laws of motion.
How did Robert Hooke advance the field of biology?
Robert Hooke advances the field of biology by producing detailed drawings of tiny creatures, such as fleas. He coined the word cell to name the microscopic structures that he observed in thin slices of cork.
How did Robert Boyle’s theory challenge the ideas of Aristotle?
Robert Boyle’s theory challenged the ideas of Aristotle by discovering that air is made up of gases and determined how changes in the volume of a gas affect the gas’s pressure. Boyle’s theory challenged the ideas of Aristotle, who stated that the physical world consisted of the four elements of earth, fire, air, and water.
What great advance did Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes bring to science?
They promoted ideas that eventually led to an entirely new approach to science. This approach, called the scientific method, is a logical procedure for developing and testing ideas.Their ideas became known as scientific rationalism.
According to Bacon and Descartes, what are the best ways to build knowledge?
Observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning.
What are the five steps in the scientific method?
The five steps in the scientific method are observe and question, hypothesize, experiment, analyze data, and evaluate and share results.
How did scientific rationalism undermine the authority of the Catholic Church?
Scientific rationalism undermines the authority of the Catholic Church because scientific rationalism encouraged people to think for themselves, so people should be allowed to take more control of their own lives.
Do you agree with the idea that scientific rationalism contributed to the development of democratic government? Explain why or why not.
I agree with the idea that scientific rationalism contributed to the development of democratic government because it helped people have their own opinions.
