Chapter 13-RNA & Protein Synthesis Flashcards
messenger RNA (mRNA)
type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
promoter
specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription
intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
genetic code
collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
codon
group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein
translation
process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
gene expression
process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function
mutation
change in the genetic material of a cell
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
mutagen
chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation
polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
